Chapter 8: Vitamins and Minerals

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Chapter 8 Vitamins and Minerals
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Define the Following Terms

• 1. antioxidantssubstances that protect body
  cells and the immune system from damage by
  harmful chemicals in air and foods.
• 2. electrolyte mineralssodium, chloride, and
  potassium, which control and balance fluid flow
  in and out of cells.
• 3. fat-soluble vitaminsvitamins absorbed and
  transported by fat.

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• 4. free-radicalsharmful by-product excreted
  when cells burn oxygen to produce energy.
• 5. hypertensionhigh-blood pressure linked to
  high salt intake.
• 6. iron-deficiency anemialack of enough iron in
  the body, resulting in fatigue, weakness, and
  shortness of breath.

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• 7. major mineralsmacrominerals with special
  duties in the body calcium, phosphorus,
  magnesium, sodium, chloride, and potassium.
• 8. osteomalaciaa disease caused by a lack of
  vitamin D in adults.
• 9. osteoporosiscondition caused by calcium
  deficiency bones become porous, weak, fragile.

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• 10. picaCondition linked to iron deficiency
  causes unusual appetite for ice, clay, and other
  nonfood items.
• 11. toxicityexcessive amount of substance that
  reacts as poison in the body.
• 12. trace mineralsminerals needed in only small
  amounts but serving vital body functions.

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• 13. water-soluble vitaminsvitamins dissolve in
  water and pass easily into the bloodstream during
  digestion.

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Answer the following questions

• 1. Why are vitamins and minerals called
  micronutrients?
• They are needed in smaller amounts than other
  nutrients.

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2. Why are some vitamins considered to be
antioxidants?

• They protect body cells and the immune system by
  either transforming harmful free radicals into
  less damaging compounds or repairing damaged
  cells.

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3. Compare water-soluble and fat-soluble
vitamins.

• Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are
  carried in the bloodstream they are not stored,
  and excess amounts are eliminated with waste
  products. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed and
  transported by fat excess amounts are stored by
  the body for later use.

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4. What does vitamin C do for you?

• Helps maintain healthy capillaries, bones, skin,
  and teeth. Helps your body heal wounds and
  resist infections. Aids in the absorption of
  iron and works as an antioxidant. Plays a role
  in caring for collagen that gives structure to
  bones, cartilage, muscle, and blood vessels.

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5. One family stored milk in small, clear
containers. What do you think of this practice?

• Not good because light through the containers
  will destroy riboflavin in the milk.

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6. What function in the body do riboflavin,
niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin B5, and
biotin have in common?

• They are all involved in using carbohydrates,
  proteins, and fats.

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7. Why is folate a very important vitamin?

• It helps the body use proteins, builds red blood
  cells, and forms genetic material. It prevents
  birth defects that damage the brain and spinal
  cord.

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8. What can occur with vitamin A deficiency?

• Rough, scaly skin and infections in the
  respiratory tract and other areas of the body
  causes night blindness and total blindness in
  many children in developing countries.

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9. What is toxicity?

• An excessive amount of a substance that is
  poisonous in the body.

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10. What are two ways to get vitamin D?

• Through exposure to sunlight and in fortified
  milk.

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11. Why do cooks need to pay particular
attention to the ways that foods are prepared?

• Some cooking techniques can destroy certain
  vitamins.

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12. Compare major and trace minerals.

• The amount of trace minerals the body needs is
  much smaller than the amount of major minerals
  needed.

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13. Why do teens need to think about
osteoporosis?

• Bone mass builds u p during childhood, the teen
  years, and young adulthood, so care taken to
  consume calcium during early life can prevent the
  disease from developing later.

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14. Why are sodium, chloride, and potassium
called electrolyte minerals?

• They form chemical particles called electrolytes,
  which attract fluids. Cells move electrolytes
  through cell walls as needed to balance fluids
  and keep cells from collapsing or bursting.

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15. What can help reduce hypertension?

• Lowering intake of table salt.

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16. What are some signs of iron-deficiency
anemia?

• Being tired, weak, short of breath, pale, and
  cold.

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17. One teen chewed on ice to the point that her
friends noticed and commented on the frequency.
What might be wrong?

• She might have pica, an unusual appetite for ice,
  clay, or other nonfood items, indicating an iron
  deficiency.

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18. Why is fluoride needed in the diet?

• To prevent tooth decay and strengthen bones.

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19. What do you think about the trend to fortify
many food products with vitamins and minerals?

• Might help some people, but also has the
  potential to cause toxic excesses

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How does your diet rate?
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Balanced Diet Good Health
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• The End