Water and Minerals Chapter 9

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Water and Minerals Chapter 9
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Water Crucial to Life

• Functions of water
• Moves nutrients and wastes
• Lubricates joints
• Participates in chemical reactions
• Helps maintain body temperature
• An essential nutrient
• Body temperature regulation
• Maintains blood volume
• Many other roles!

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Water Crucial to Life

• Mild dehydration can cause
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Slightly dulled thinking
• Thirst
• Turned on by hypothalamus when concentration of
  sodium increases
• Not a sensitive indicator of need for fluid

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Chronic, Mild Dehydration

• Can cause.
• increased risk of bladder, breast,
• colon cancer
• increased risk of kidney stones
• asthma
• dental disease
• may increase risk of colds

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Electrolytes and Water

• The main positively charged ions (cations) are
  sodium and potassium
• The main negatively charged ions (anions) are
  chloride and phosphate
• Sodium main cation in extracellular fluid
• Potassium main cation in intracellular fluid
• Na-K pumps maintain balance of Na and K all
  cell membranes have

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Water needs1-1.5 ml per calorie

• If 2000 kcals then fluid of 2,000 to 3,000 ml/day
  (2500 ml for an average)
• Metabolism provides 400-500 ml
• Mixed diet of food provides 1000 ml
• Need 1000 ml from fluid 8 fluid oz 240 ml
• Need about four 8-oz glasses of fluid
• Recommendation of 8-10 glasses of water per day?

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Water Crucial to Life

• Water excretion
• lungs, skin, feces, urine
• low humidity, high temp, fever, high pro Na
• Water balance
• Other factors affecting fluid balance
• alcohol, caffeine, diuretic medications
• Dehydration
• Water intoxication

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Bioavailability The rate at and the extent to
which a nutrient is absorbed and used
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Minerals
Major Minerals Trace Minerals Ultratrace Minerals
Ca Cr As
Cl F B
Mg Cu Li
P I Ni
K Fe Si
Na Mn V
S Mo, Se, Zn
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Sodium

• Functions
• Fluid balance
• Nerve impulse transmission
• Excess Sodium
• Severe Sodium restriction
• Food sources recommended intake
• Salt
• Processed and convenience foods
• Limit to 2,400 milligrams/day (DV)

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Sodium

• Almost all dietary sodium is absorbed
• Our diet is far in excess of requirement
• Requirement 115 500 mg
• AI 1500 mg (4 g of salt lt 1 tsp)
• Average intake 4000 8000 mg 2-4 tsp salt/day
  15 lbs/year
• UL 2300 mg

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Where Does all thatSodium Come From?

• In foods naturally
• Salt
• Added at the table
• Added during cooking
• Added during processing
• Additives
• Water supply
• Some medications

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Sodium Deficiency

• Hyponatremia
• From vomiting, diarrhea
• From heavy sweating and drinking a lot of water
  without sodium water intoxication
• Endurance athletes who do not properly rehydrate

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Hypertension High blood pressure

• Increases risk for heart disease, stroke, kidney
  disease
• Sodium
• Can increase blood pressure in some people
• Other dietary factors
• Increase BP chloride
• Decrease BP calcium, magnesium, potassium
• Role of Sodium
• 25 of population is salt sensitive
• 30-50 of people with HBP salt sensitive

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Cutting Back on Sodium

• Avoid using too much salt
• Limit Fast Food Meals
• Minimize highly processed
• Foods
• Canned foods
• Instant soups
• Frozen dinner entrees
• Read labels! low sodium lt140 mg/serving

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Calcium

• Functions
• In the bones - 99 of total calcium
• Structure
• Reserve for calcium, calcium bank
• In body fluids (Calcium ion) 1
• Involved in nerve impulse transmission
• Involved in regulation of muscle contraction
• Cofactor in blood clotting reactions
• Cofactor for several enzymes
• Activates calmodulin
• Helps to regulate blood pressure
• Helps to maintain healthy body weight?

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Calcium cont..

• Blood clotting
• Nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction
• Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels
• Food sources
• Milk and dairy products
• Green vegetables, tofu, fortified foods
• Calcium rigor
• From elevated blood calcium
• Muscles get hard and stiff
• Calcium tetany
• From low blood calcium
• Muscles go into spasms

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Calcium Possible health benefits of adequate
calcium

• Stronger bones and teeth
• Lower blood pressure
• risk of kidney stones
• risk of colon cancer
• HDL/ LDL ?
• risk of breast cancer ?
• PMS?
• Polycystic ovary syndrome?

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Calcium

• Dietary Recommendations
• AI1000 mg over age 511200 mg age 9-181300 mg
• 1 cup milk equivalents
• 1 ½ oz of cheese
• 1 cup of yogurt
• 2 cups of cottage cheese
• 1 cup of calcium fortified OJ or soymilk
• Other foods canned salmon with bones, collard
  greens, bok choy, broccoli, dried figs and
  almonds
• Calcium absorption
• Reduced by fiber (wheat bran)
• phytate--(whole grains, nuts, seeds)
• oxalate--(in foods such as spinach)
• needs vitamin D
• Calcium balance
• Lack of calcium can contribute to osteoporosis

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Osteoporosis

• Decreased bone density
• Develops gradually with age
• Development of osteoporosis
• Calcium and osteoporosis
• Women at higher risk
• Factors to reduce risk
• Adequate calcium intake throughout life
• Regular exercise

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• Bone Density
• Peak Bone Mass
• Osteopenia borderline low bone density

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Calcium Factors that increase absorption

• Vitamin D
• Stomach acid
• Frequent small doses
• Physiological need
• Chronic low intake

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Calcium Factors that decrease absorption

• Very high fiber intake/ laxative abuse
• Oxalic acid
• Phytic acid
• Some medications
• High phosphorous diet
• Alcohol
• Lack of stomach acid (elderly)
• Polyphenols (tannins) in tea

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Calcium Factors that increase excretion

• High protein diet
• High phosphorous diet
• High sodium diet
• Caffeine

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Calcium Deficiency vs. Toxicity

• Deficiency
• In children stunted growth low bone mass
• In adults risk for osteoporosis
• Toxicity
• Constipation
• risk of urinary stone formation and kidney
  dysfunction

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Iron

• Functions
• Oxygen transport as part of hemoglobin and
  myoglobin
• Cofactor for enzymes
• Normal brain and immune function
• Food sources
• Red meats, liver, seafood
• Deficiency
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Toxicity
• Poisoning in children
• Hemochromatosis

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Iron Absorption

• Effect of iron status
• Effect of GI function
• need stomach acid
• Effect of the amount and form of iron in food
• heme and non-heme
• Dietary factors that enhance absorption
• vitamin C
• Dietary factors that inhibit absorption
• polyphenols calcium

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Iron Absorption
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Iron Heme vs. Nonheme
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Iron Nonheme

• Factors that increase nonheme iron
• absorption
• MFP factor
• Vitamin C
• Acid in the
• stomach
• Physiological need
• Factors that decrease nonheme iron
• absorption
• Phytates
• Calcium
• Polyphenols, esp. Tannic Acid (tea and coffee)

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Iron Recycling
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Iron Deficiency

• At high risk
• Women in their reproductive years, pregnant women
• Infants and young children
• Teenagers

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Stages of Iron Deficiency

• 1. Iron stores diminish
• Serum ferritin decreases
• 2. Transport iron decreases
• Transferrin increases an adaptation to enhance
  absorption
• 3. Hemoglobin production declines hematocrit
  value goes down
• Iron deficiency anemia (microcytic,
  hypochromic anemia)

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Symptoms fatigue, pale skin, breathlessness with
exertion, poor tolerance to
cold, poor immune function,
behavioral changes, cognitive impairment,
decreased work performance Children
impaired growth, apathy, short attention span,
irritability, reduced ability to
learn
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
Normal Red Blood Cells Iron
Deficiency Anemia--
Small pale
cells
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Iron Toxicity
Iron Poisoning Iron Overload
Hemochromatosis Iron as a Prooxidant
Increased risk of CVD and cancer?
Foods Rich in Iron
Significant sources Red meat Legumes
Enriched grains Foods cooked in cast iron
pans! Milk is a very poor source
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Potassium

• Functions of potassium
• Muscle contraction
• Nerve impulse transmission
• Fluid balance
• Dietary Recommendations
• DV3500 mg
• NOT less than 2000 mg/day
• Food sources of potassium
• Unprocessed foods fruits, vegetables,
• grains

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K in blood too high/too low

• Hypokalemia
• Potassium depletion may be due to vomiting,
  diarrhea, or diuretics
• Symptoms include muscle weakness, loss of
  appetite, confusion
• Severe disrupt heart rhythms--can be fatal
• Hyperkalemia
• Due to malfunctioning kidneys or excess of IV K
• Can slow or stop the heart

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Chloride

• Functions of chloride
• Fluid balance
• Hydrochloric acid (stomach acid)
• Dietary Recommendations
• DV3,400 mg
• Food sources of chloride
• Table salt
• chloride content 1.5 x sodium content

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Chloride Deficiency

• Hypochloremia
• Frequent vomiting
• bulimia nervosa
• Metabolic alkalosis
• high blood pH
• due to repeated vomiting, low consumption of
  fluid and minerals, dehydration
• cause abnormal heart rhythm, drop in blood flow
  to brain, decreased oxygen delivery to tissues,
  abnormal metabolic activity

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Phosphorus

• Functions of phosphorus
• Bone structure
• Component of ATP, DNA, RNA, phospholipids
• Dietary Recommendations
• RDA adults700 mg adolescents1250 mg
• High Phos to Ca ratiobone loss
• Food sources of phosphorus
• Meat, milk, eggs (rich in protein)
• Processed foods (meats)
• Soft drinks (phos but no calcium)

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• Hypophosphatemia
• Caused by an underlying disorder
• By restricting absorption or enhancing excretion
• Hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency,
  overuse
• of antacids (Al, Mg, Ca) that bind Phos
• Hyperphosphatemia
• Most common is a consequence of kidney disease
• Also underactive parathyroid gland, too much
• vitamin D supplements, overuse of phosphate-
• containing laxatives

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Magnesium

• Functions
• DNA and protein synthesis
• Blood clotting, muscle contraction, ATP
  production
• Recommendations
• RDA age 19-30 men400 mg, women310 mg and over
  31 men420, women320
• Deficiency associated with alcoholism
• Food sources
• Whole grains, vegetables, legumes, tofu, seafood

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Zinc

• Functions
• Cofactor for enzymes Gene regulation Immune
  health
• Dietary Recommendation
• men 11 mg w18 mg preg11 mg lact12mg
• Food sources
• Red meats, seafood
• Deficiency
• Poor growth, delayed development
• Toxicity
• Can cause copper deficiency
• Wilsons disease

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Selenium

• Functions
• Part of antioxidant enzyme
• Thyroid metabolism, immune function
• Recommendations RDA 55 ug/day
• Food sources
• Organ meats, fish, seafood, meats, Brazil nuts
• Deficiency
• Increases susceptibility to some infections
• Keshan disease
• Toxicity
• Brittle hair and nails

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Iodine

• Functions
• Thyroid hormone production
• Food sources
• Iodized salt, fish, seafood, dairy products
• Goitrogens in cabbage family interfere with
  absorption
• Recommendation RDA150 ug
• Deficiency
• Goiter enlarged thyroid gland
• Cretinism mental retardation
• Occurs in fetus when pregnant woman is deficient

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Copper and Manganese

• Functions of copper
• Melanin, collagen, elastin production
• Immune function
• Antioxidant enzyme systems
• Food sources of copper (RDA900 ug)
• Organ meats, shellfish, nuts, legumes
• Functions of manganese (AI2.3 mg/1.8 mg)
• Cartilage production
• Antioxidant enzyme systems
• Food sources of manganese
• Tea, coffee, nuts, cereals

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Fluoride

• Functions of fluoride
• Bone and tooth structure
• AImen4 mg women3mg
• Food sources of fluoride
• Fluoridated water
• supplements for over age 1 if low fluoride in
  water
• Fluoridation Debate
• reduce tooth decay vs. mass involuntary
  medication
• Fluoride balance
• Excess can cause fluorosis

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Chromium

• Functions of chromium
• Glucose metabolism
• Recommendations AI men-35 ugwo25 ug
• Food sources of chromium
• Mushrooms, dark chocolate, nuts, whole grains

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Other Minerals

• Arsenic
• poison if none in lab animalspoor growth
• Boron
• appears to play a role in bone metabolism
• Nickel
• nickel containing enzymes activate/inhibit
  enzymes
• Silicon
• believed to help strengthen collagen and elastin
• Vanadium
• not sure of the role in body