ROCKS AND MINERALS

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ROCKS AND MINERALS

• Chapters 2 3
• Test 2 material
• Begin

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Grand Canyon
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RELATIVE TIME

• TIME IN RELATIONSHIP WHILE COMPARING ONE ROCK
  LAYER WITH ANOTHER

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GEOLOGIC LAWS - SUPERPOSITION

• EACH LAYER OF ROCK IS OLDER THAN THE LAYER ABOVE
  IT AND YOUNGER THAN THE LAYER BELOW IT

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GEOLOGIC LAWS - CROSS CUTTING

• WHEN ROCKS CUT THROUGH OTHER ROCKS, THEY ARE
  ASSUMED TO BE YOUNGER THAN THE ROCKS THEY CUT
  THROUGH

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GEOLOGIC LAW - INCLUSIONS

• PIECES OF OLDER ROCK CONTAINED WITHIN A YOUNGER
  ROCK

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TYPES OF FOSSILS

• PETRIFICATION - TURNED TO STONE
• INDIRECT EVIDENCE - TRACE OF ITS EXISTENCE
  (COPROLITE)
• ACTUAL REMAINS - SHELL
• IMPRINT - BIRD TRACKS OR WORM BURROWS
• ONLY FOUND IN SEDIMENTARY ROCK

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PETRIFICATION
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COPROLITE - INDIRECT
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SHARK TOOTH ACTUAL
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IMPRINT
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OPPOSING THOUGHT - UNIFORMITARIANISM

• SAME PHYSICAL PROCESSES ACTIVE TODAY HAVE BEEN
  OPERATING THROUGHOUT GEOLOGIC TIME
• PRESENT HOLDS KEY TO PAST
• JAMES HUTTON - FATHER OF MODERN GEOLOGY

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OPPOSING THOUGHT - CATASTROPHISM

• CATASTROPHIC OR CATACLYSMIC EVENTS HAVE ALTERED
  DEPOSITION AND EROSION THROUGHOUT TIME
• SCABLANDS OF IDAHO - 100,000 YEARS OF EROSION
  TOOK PLACE IN A 30 DAY PERIOD

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HOW ROCK DIFFERS ACROSS THE EARTHS CRUST

• CONTINENTAL ROCK - GRANITE - SIAL WHICH IS
  COMPOSED OF SILICA AND ALUMINUM AND LIGHTER THAN
  OCEAN ROCK
• OCEAN ROCK - BASALT - SIMA WHICH IS HEAVIER AND
  COMPOSED OF SILICA AND MAGNESIUM

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GEOLOGIC CONCEPT - ISOSTACY

• EQUILIBRIUM STATE IN EARTHS CRUST FORMED BY THE
  RELATIONSHIP OF PORTIONS OF THE LITHOSPHERE
  ASTHENOSPHERE
• LOG FLOATING IN RIVER

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GEOLOGIC CYCLES

• HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• ROCK CYCLE
• TECTONIC CYCLE

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MINERAL

• INORGANIC SOLID NATURAL COMPOUND HAVING A
  SPECIFIC CHEMICAL FORMULA AND POSSESSING A
  CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE THAT IS FIXED OR VARIES
  WITHIN A DEFINITE RANGE

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EXAMPLES OF MINERALS

• TALC
• GYPSUM
• CALCITE
• QUARTZ
• SULFUR
• HALITE
• GRAPHITE

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• GALENA
• FLUORITE
• APATITE
• MAGNETITE
• DIAMOND

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• LUSTER - APPEARANCE OF LIGHT REFLECTED FROM A
  MINERAL - METALLIC OR NONMETALLIC
• COLOR - INHERENT OR EXOTIC
• STREAK - AFTER RUBBING MINERAL ACROSS A PORCELAIN
  PLATE THE LEFTOVER POWDER RESIDUE

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STREAK PLATE
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• SPECIFIC GRAVITY - WEIGHT OF MINERAL TO EQUAL
  VOLUME OF WATER
• CLEAVAGE - ABILITY TO BREAK OR CLEAVE IN CERTAIN
  DIRECTIONS MORE READILY THAN OTHERS
• FRACTURE - DOES NOT BREAK IN CERTAIN DIRECTIONS

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CLEAVAGE
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FRACTURE
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• MAGNETISM - CAN PICK UP WITH MAGNET
• TASTE - HALITE
• FEEL - TALC (SOAPY) GRAPHITE (OILY OR GREASY)
• ACID TEST - WILL FIZZ OR BUBBLE
• HARDNESS - SCRATCHING RESISTANT

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MOHS SCALE OF HARDNESS

• 1 TALC
• 2 GYPSUM
• 2.5 HUMAN FINGERNAIL
• 3 CALCITE
• 4 FLUORITE
• 5 APATITE
• 5.5 GLASS

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• 7 QUARTZ
• 10 DIAMOND
• IF YOU SCRATCH IT WITH YOUR FINGER NAIL LESS
  THAN 2.5
• CANT SCRATCH IT AND IT WONT SCRATCH GLASS
  2.5-5.5
• SCRATCHES GLASS GREATER 5.5

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MINERAL GROUPSSILICATES

• OXYGEN SILICON ATOMS
• SILICON-OXYGEN TETRAHEDRON
• 4 OXYGEN ATOMS SURROUNDING A MUCH SMALLER
  SILICON ATOM
• FELDSPARS, QUARTZ, MICAS, HORNBLENDE, OLIVINE,
  AUGITE

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SILICON-OXYGEN TETRAHEDRON
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NON-SILICATE MINERALS

• CARBONATES - CALCITE DOLOMITE
• HALIDES - HALITE FLUORITE
• NATIVE ELEMENTS - GOLD, COPPER, DIAMOND,
  GRAPHITE, SILVER
• SULFATES - GYPSUM
• SULFIDES - GALENA PYRITE
• OXIDES - MAGNETITE HEMATITE

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USES OF NON-METALLIC MINERALS

• APATITE - FERTILIZERS
• ASBESTOS - FIBERS
• CALCITE - CHEMICALS, CEMENT
• CLAY KAOLINITE CHINA, KAOPECTATE
• FLUORITE - GLASS, CHEMICALS
• GRAPHITE - PENCIL LEAD

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• GYPSUM - PLASTER OF PARIS
• HALITE - TABLE SALT
• MUSCOVITE - ELECTRICAL INSULATOR
• SULFUR - CHEMICALS
• TALC - BABY POWDER, PAINTS

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GEMSTONESPRECIOUS

• DIAMOND
• EMERALD BERYL
• OPAL
• RUBY CORUNDUM
• SAPPHIRE CORUNDUM

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DIAMONDS
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EMERALDS
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GEMSTONESSEMIPRECIOUS

• AMETHYST - QUARTZ
• CATS EYE - QUARTZ
• GARNET
• JADE - JADEITE
• MOONSTONE - FELDSPAR
• TOPAZ
• TURQUOISE
• ZIRCON

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AMETHYST
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METALLIC MINERAL RESOURCES

• ALUMINUM, CHROMIUM, COPPER, GOLD, IRON, LEAD,
  MAGNESIUM, MERCURY, NICKEL, PLATINUM, SILVER,
  TIN, TITANIUM, TUNGSTEN, URANIUM, ZINC

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ROCK TYPES

• IGNEOUS
• SEDIMENTARY
• METAMORPHIC
• ROCK CYCLE

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IGNEOUS ROCKS

• FORM WHEN MAGMA OR LAVA COOLS AND CRYSTALLIZES
• COOLS RAPIDLY HAVE SMALL CRYSTALS - EXTRUSIVE
• COOLS SLOWLY HAVE LARGE CRYSTALS - INTRUSIVE

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• INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS COOL SLOWLY IN THE CRUST
  (MAGMA)
• EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS COOL RAPIDLY AT THE
  SURFACE (LAVA)
• WHICH WILL HAVE THE LARGE CRYSTAL SIZE?

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CLASSIFYING IGNEOUS ROCKS

• MINERAL COMPOSITION
• TEXTURE - OVERALL APPEARANCE OF ROCK BASED ON
  SIZE ARRANGEMENT OF CRYSTALS
• FINE-GRAINED
• COARSE-GRAINED
• PORPHYRITIC
• GLASSY

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GLASSY
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FINE-GRAINED
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COARSE-GRAINED
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PORPHYRITIC
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IGNEOUS ROCKS

• GRANITE
• BASALT
• PUMICE
• OBSIDIAN
• RHYOLITE

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RHYOLITE
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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• BITS AND PIECES OF EXISTING ROCK ARE TRANSPORTED
  THEN LITHIFIED BY COMPRESSION, COMPACTION, AND
  CEMENTATION
• LAID DOWN IN HORIZONTALLY LAYERED BEDS
• ONLY ROCK TYPE TO CONTAIN FOSSILS

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CLASSIFYING SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - ORIGINATE AS SOLID
  PARTICLES FROM WEATHERED ROCKS
• CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - SOLUBLE MATERIAL
  PRODUCED BY CHEMICAL WEATHERING

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CLASSIFICATION BY PARTICLE SIZE - DETRITAL

• BOULDER, COBBLE, PEBBLE GRAVEL CONGLOMERATE
  OR BRECCIA
• SAND SAND SANDSTONE
• SILT MUD SILTSTONE
• CLAY MUD SHALE

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GRAVEL-SIZED
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SAND-SIZED
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SILT-SIZED
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CLAY-SIZED
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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• CONGLOMERATE
• SANDSTONE
• SILTSTONE
• SHALE
• LIMESTONE
• PEAT MOSS LIGNITE COAL
• BITUMINOUS COAL

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METAMORPHIC ROCKS

• TRANSFORMED FROM PRE-EXISTING ROCKS BY EITHER
  HEAT, PRESSURE, OR CHEMICAL ACTION
• FOLIATED (BANDS OR LAYERS) AND NON-FOLIATED

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FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS

• SLATE
• SCHISTS
• GNEISS

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FOLIATED ROCK
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NON-FOLIATEDMETAMORPHIC ROCKS

• MARBLE
• QUARTZITE

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NON-FOLIATED ROCK
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OLD ROCK TO METAMORPHIC EQUIVALENT

• GRANITE BECOMES GNEISS
• MICA BECOMES SCHIST
• SHALE BECOMES SLATE
• LIMESTONE BECOMES MARBLE
• SANDSTONE BECOMES QUARTZITE
• BITUMINOUS COAL BECOMES ANTHRACITE COAL

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Yosemite Valley