BIOLOGY 1407 CHAPTER 32 and 33

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BIOLOGY 1407CHAPTER 32 and 33

• INVERTEBRATES

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WHAT IS AN ANIMAL

• Multicellular, Eukaryotic
• Ingestive Heterotrophic Nutrition
• No Cell Walls
• Highly Differentiated Tissues
• Nervous and Muscle Tissue
• Reproduction Typically Sexual
• Dominant Diploid Life Cycle

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EMBRYOLOGY

• Zygote
• Cleavage
• Blastula
• Gastrulation - Gastrula
• Direct Development and Metamorphosis
• Larva

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EMBRYOLOGY
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Colonial Choanoflagellate
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Becoming Multicellular
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Ediacaran Fossils
575 MYA
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Neoproterozoic Era

• 1 Billion to 542 MYA
• Molecular Evidence Suggest 1 BYA
• Oldest Fossils 575 MYA
• Animal Embryo Fossils 570 MYA

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Paleoaoic Era

• 542 to 251 MYA
• Cambrian Explosion 542-525 MYA
• Predator-Prey Hypothesis
• Oxygen Hypothesis
• Hox Gene Complex Hypothesis
• 460 MYA Land Arthropods
• 302 MYA Fern Insect Gall Association
• Vertebrates on Land 360 MYA
• Amphibians and Amniotes

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Mesozoic Era

• 251-65.5 MYA
• Diverfication of Animal Phyla
• First Coral Reefs
• Tetrapod Body Plan on Land
• Flight and Terrestrial
• Dinosaurs
• Mammals

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Cenozoic Era

• Begins with Mass Extinction
• Insect and Flowering Plant Diversification
• Mammalian Diversification
• Cooling Climate
• Primates in Africa
• Grassland Apes
• Man

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THREE LINES OF EVOLUTION FROM PROTIST

• Sponges - Very simple bodies with no true
  tissues.
• Diploblastic - Body develops from two layers
  of embryonic tissues.
• Triploblastic - Body develops from three
  layers of embryonic tissues
• Protostomes
• Deuterostomes

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TYPES OF BODY SYMMETRY

• Asymmetry - No symmetry, no regular plan of
  development.
• Spherical - The organism is shaped like a ball
  or sphere.
• Radial - The organism is shaped like a cylinder.
• Bilateral - the organism has a right and left
  side, a dorsal and ventral and an anterior and
  posterior.

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TYPES OF BODY SYMMETRY
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ANIMAL PHYLOGENY
Protostome-Deuterostome Split
Protostomes Deuterostomes Spiral Cleavage
Radial Cleavage Determinate
Cleavage Indeterminate Cleavage Blastophore -
Mouth Blastophore - Anus Schizocoelous Enteroc
oelous
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Areas of Agreement

• All Animals Share a Common Ancestor
• Sponges are Basal Animals Parazoa
• Eumetazoa True Tissue
• Clade Bilateria
• Clade Deuterostoma Vertebrates, Echinodermata,
  Others

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Animal Phylogeny
Based on Morphological And Developmental Hypothes
is
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Molecular Hypothesis
Based on Molecular Data
Lophotrochozoans And Eydysozoans
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Ecdysis, Lophophore and Trochophore Larva
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ANIMAL PHYLOGENY

• Monophyletic with Choanoflagellate Ancestors
• Parazoa-Eumetazoa Split
• Radiata-Bilateria Split
• Radial Symmetry - Oral and Aboral Surfaces
• Bilaterial Symmetry - Dorsal, Ventral, Anterior
  Posterior, Laterial, Cephalization
• Diploblastic Vs. Triploblastic
• Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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ANIMAL PHYLOGENY

• Acoelomate-Coelomate Split
• Coelom
• Acoelomates
• Pseudocoelomate
• Coelomates

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Coelomate Protostomes

• Annelida
• Arthropoda
• Mollusca

Coelomate Deuterostomes

• Echinodermata
• Chordata

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PHYLUM PORIFERA

• Sponges
• Mostly Marine
• 1cm to 2m
• 9,000 Species
• No Muscle or Nerve Tissue
• Suspension Feeders
• Colonial Choanoflagellates

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BODY PLANS
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PHYLUM PORIFERA

• Incurrent pores
• Osculum or Oscula
• Choanocytes
• Spongocoel
• Mesohyl
• Amoebocytes
• Porocytes
• Mostly Hermaphroditic

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PHYLUM PORIFERA
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Diploblastic Phyla PHYLUM CNIDARIA

• 10,000 Species
• Almost All Marine
• Cnidocytes
• Nematocyst
• Radial Symmetry
• Epithelial Muscle Cells
• Gastrovascular Cavity
• Incomplete Digestive Cavity

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PHYLUM CNIDARIA

• Alternation of Body Forms
• Polyp - Sessile , Asexual
• Medusa - Motile, Sexual
• Planula Larva - Characteristic Larva
• Three Body Regions
• Gastrodermis
• Mesoglea
• Epidermis

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MEDUSA VS. POLYP
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Cnidarian Diversity
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Cnidarian Diversity
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PHYLUM CNIDARIA

• CLASS HYDROZOA
• Individual organisms to colonies
• Colonies show specialization between
  individuals
• Thin Mesoglea
• Some are freshwater - Hydra sp.
• Siphonophores - Complex floating colonies
  composed of both medusa and polyps
• Ex. Portuguese-Man-O-war

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Class Hydrozoa
Portuguese Man of War
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Class Hydrozoa
LACE CORAL
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Class Hydrozoa
Hydra
Obelia
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PHYLUM CNIDARIA

• CLASS SCAPHOZOA - JELLY FISH
• Medusa dominant phase in the life cycle.
• Active swimmers
• Four gastric pouches for digestion
• Relatively thick mesoglea
• Life Cycle
• Male and female medusa
• Fertilization in the open sea
• Planula larva develops as an active swimming
  larva. At maturity it settles to the substrate
  and forms the polyp stage.
• Polyp - produces many medusa through budding
  or division of the body column

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Class Scyphozoa Jellyfish
Aurilia Life Cycle
Aurilia
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Class Scyphozoa Jellyfish
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Class Cubozoa

• Cube-shaped Medusa
• Tropical
• Functional Eyes
• Very Toxic
• Fed Upon by Turtles

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CUBOZOAN
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PHYLUM CNIDARIA

• CLASS ANTHOZOA - ANEMONES AND CORALS
• 6,000 species
• Polyp stage only
• Thick Mesoglea
• Complex gastrovascular cavity divided by
  sheets of tissue (mesenteries)
• Reef building corals contain symbiotic
  dinoflagellates

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Class Anthozoa Corals, Anemones, Sea Pansies

Coral
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Diploblastic Phylum Phylum Ctenophora
Comb Jellies 100 species, all marine Bilateral
symmetry Complete digestive system Eight Rows of
Cilia Medusa-like
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Phylum Ctenophora

• Bioluminescent
• No Cnidocytes
• Colloblast
• Sensory organs with calcareous
• particles
• Nerves to combs

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Kingdom Animalia Phylum Ctenophora
Comb Jelly
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Phylum Ctenophora
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Triploblastic Acoelomate Phylum Platyhelminthes

• 20,000 Species
• Flatworms
• Tapeworms, Planaria, Flukes
• Bilateral Symmetry
• Gastrovascular cavity

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Triploblastic Acoelomate Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Moderate Cephalization
• Distinct Organs and Organ Systems
• Flame Cells Water Balance
• Well Developed Middle Body Layer
• May have a Complex Life Cycle

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Kingdom Animalia Phylum Platyhelminthes
Scolex
Multibranched gut
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Class Turbellaria Planaria

• Marine, Fresh Water of Moist
  Terrestrial
• Multibranched Gut
• Scavengers or Predators
• Flame Cells
• Gas exchange and Nitrogen Waste
• by diffusion.
• Free Living

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Class Turbellaria Planaria

• Cephalization
• Simple Brain
• Eye spots
• Auricles

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Class Turbellaria Planaria
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Class Trematoda Flukes
Parasitic Ventral and Oral Suckers Often with
Complex Life Cycle Intermediate Host Sexual and
Asexual stages Hermaphroditic Schistosoma
200,000,000
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Class Trematoda Flukes
Fluke
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Class Trematoda Flukes
Liver Fluke Life Cycle
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Class MonogeneaExternal Flukes

• External parasites on fish
• Large and small hooks for attachment

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Class Cestoda Tapeworms
Endoparasites Scolex with Hooks
Suckers Proglottid Segments Intermediate Host
Complex Life Cycle Intermediate Hosts Insist in
Muscle Primary Host in Intestine
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Class Cestoda
Scolex
Proglottid Segments
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Phylum Nemertea

• Proboscis Worms
• Uncertain Phylogeny
• 900 Species, Mostly Marine
• 1mm to Several Meters
• Some Active Swimmers, Others Burrow
• Long Hollow Proboscis with Spines
• Fluid Filled
• Body Structurally Acoelomate
• Closed Circulatory System, No Heart
• Complete Digestive System

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Pseudocoelomates Phylum Nematoda

• Roundworms, 90,000 species
• lt 1mm - gt1m
• Complete Digestive System
• No Circulatory System
• Tough Transparent Cuticle
• Longitudinal Muscles Only
• Fixed Number of Cells in Adults

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Pseudocoelomates Phylum Nematoda

• Separate Sexes
• Up to 100,000 Eggs per Day

Trichnella
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PseudocoelomatesPhylum Rotifera

• Mostly Freshwater, 1,800 Species
• 0.05 2mm
• Hydrostatic Skeleton
• Corona Crown of Cilia
• Mastax
• Often Reproduce by Parthenogenesis
• Resistant Spores
• Fixed Number of Cells in Adult
• No Regeneration or Repair

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PseudocoelomatesPhylum Rotifera
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Lophophorate Phyla

• Three Phyla, Ectoprocta or Bryozoa,
• Phoronida, Brachiopoda
• Lophophore U-shaped Organ with
• Ciliated Tentacles
• U-Shaped Digestive Tract
• Uncertain Phylogeny
• Embryonic Development Similar to
  Deuterostomes
• Molecular Systematics Suggest Protostome
  Ancestry

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LophophorateEctoprocta or Bryozoa
Moss Animals, 5,000 Species, Mostly
Marine Encrusting, Colonial, Hard Exoskeleton
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LophophoratePhoronida

• Tube Building Marine Worms, 15 Species
• 1mm to 50cm

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LophophoratePhylum Brachiopoda

• Lamb Shells, 330 species
• All Marine
• 30,000 Extinct Species
• Dorsal and Ventral Shells
• Attach to Substrate by a Stalk

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LophophoratePhylum Brachiopoda
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Protostomes Phylum Annelida

• Earthworms, Polychaete Worms
• Leechs, 15,000 Species
• Segmentation
• Closed Circulatory System, Paired Hearts
• Paired Metanephridia in Each Segment

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Protostomes Phylum Annelida

• Cerebral Ganglia
• Ventral Nerve Cord
• Longitudinal and Circular Muscles
• Hydrostatic Skeleton
• Setae

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Kingdom Animalia Phylum Annelida
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Class Polychaeta Polychaete Worms

• Some With a Well Developed Head
• Highly Vascularized Parapodia
• Many Chaetae
• Tube building to Free Living
• Most Marine

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Class Polychaeta Polychaete Worms
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Class Polychaeta Polychaete Worms
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Class Oligochaeta Earthworms

• Earthworms and a variety of aquatic species.
• Earthworms Ingest Soil
• Poorly developed head
• Very Short Chaetae
• No Parapodia

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Class Oligochaeta Earthworms
Segments
Clitellum
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Class Hirudinea Leechs

• Most are Freshwater, Some Marine or
  Terrestrial
• Many are Carnivorous
• 1 to 30cm in Length
• Anterior and Posterior Suckers
• Reduced Segmentation

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Class Hirudinea Leechs

• No chaetae
• Anesthetic to Prevent Detection
• Enzyme Hirudin
• May Consume 10X weight in Blood
• Most are Ectoparasites

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Class Hirudinea Leechs
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Protostomates Phylum Mollusca

• Bilateral Symmetry
• 50,000 Species
• Mostly Marine, some Freshwater and Some
  Terrestrial.
• Visceral Mass, Muscular Foot and Mantle.
• Radula

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Protostomates Phylum Mollusca

• Evolved from Annelid-like Ancestor Before
  Segmentation Evolved.
• Soft body with Calcium Carbonate
• Gills
• Ciliated Trochophore Larva

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Phylum Mollusca Class Polyplacophora
Chitons, Eight Dorsal Plates Marine Large
Muscular Foot Herbivores, Radula for Grazing
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Class Polyplacophora
Chiton Plates
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Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda

• Snails and Nudibranchs, 40,000 Species
• Most with Coiled Shell
• Asymmetrical
• Many with Distinct Head and Eyes
• Radula for Feeding
• Foot used for Locomotion
• Torsion 1800 twist of visceral mass
• Gills or Vascularized mantle

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Class Gastropoda Torsion
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Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda
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Class Gastropoda Snails and Nudibranchs
Sea Hare
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Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia

• Oysters, Scallops, Mussels, Clams
• Two Valves
• Filter Feeders
• Mantle Cavity
• Incurrent Siphons Gills Excurrent
  Siphons

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Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia

• No Redula
• Wedge Shaped Muscular Foot
• Poor Cephalization
• Adductor Muscles

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Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia
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Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda

• Squid, Octupus, Nautilus
• Well Developed Head, Beak-like Jaws
• Tentacles and Suckers
• Jet Propulsion, Agile Carnivores
• Often with Chromatophores

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Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda

• Closed Circulatory System
• Internal/External or No Shell
• Well Developed Nervous System
• Well Developed Eyes
• Ancestors were Probably Shelled

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Class Cephalopoda Squid, Octupus, Nautilus
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Phylum Mollusca Class Scaphopoda

• Tusk Shells, Tusk Shaped
• Shell Open at Both Ends
• Marine
• Burrows in Sand
• Filter feeders

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Class Scaphopoda Tusk Shells
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Protostomates Phylum Arthropoda

• Success Related to Jointed Appendages,
  Segmentation and Hard Exoskeleton
• Molting
• Gills, Trachea, Book lungs
• Open circulatory system
• Hemolymph Blood
• Hemocoel

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Protostomates Phylum Arthropoda

• Four Main Lines of Arthropod Evolution
• Cheliceriformes, Myripoda, Hexapoda
• Crustacea

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Phylum ArthropodaTrilobitomorpha
Early Arthropods Once Very Common Became Extinct
250 Million Years Ago Extensive
Segmentation Little Appendage Specialization
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Phylum ArthropodaTrilobita
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Subphylum Cheliceriformes

• Cephalothorax and Abdomen
• More Specialized Appendages
• Chelicerae - Fang-Like Appendage
• Eurypterids, Horseshoe Crabs,
• Spiders, Scorpions

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Subphylum CheliceriformesClass Meristomata

• Horshoe Crabs
• All Marine
• Very Ancient Group

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Subphylum Cheliceriformes Class Arachnida
Spiders, Mites, Ticks, Scorpions

• Cephalothorax/Abdomen
• No Antennae
• Trachea or Book Lungs
• Chelicerae are Fang-like with Poison Glands

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Class Arachnida Spiders, Mites, Ticks,
Scorpions

• Chelicerae and Pedipalps Used as Mouth Parts.
• Proteinaceous Silk
• Four Pair of Walking Legs
• Multiple Simple Eyes

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Class Arachnida Spiders, Mites, Ticks,
Scorpions
Spider
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Subphylum Crustacea Crabs, Shrimp, Barnacles,
Isopods, Amphipipods, Lobsters

• 40,000 Species, Mostly Marine and Freshwater
• Biramious Appendages
• Cephalothorax and Abdomen
• Two Pair of Antennae
• Gills

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Subphylum Crustacea Crabs, Shrimp, Barnacles,
Isopods, Amphipipods, Lobsters

• Walking Legs on Thorax
• Appendages Present on Abdomen
• Aquatic Forms have at Least one Swimming
  Larval Stage
• Compound Eyes

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Subphylum Crustacea
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Subphylum Crustacea
Common Crabs
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Subphylum Myriapoda

• Millipedes
• Centipedes
• Head with Antennae
• Chewing Mouthparts
• Terrestrial
• Head and Trunk Segments

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Class Chilopoda Centipedes

• Head /Trunk Segemnts
• One Pair of Antennae and Three Pair of
  Mouthparts
• Trachea
• One pair of Legs per Trunk Segment
• Compound Eyes
• Poisonous Front Claw on Most Anterior Trunk
  Segment
• Carnivorous

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Class Chilopoda Centipedes
Centipede
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Class Diplopoda

• Worm-like
• Two Pair of Walking Legs per
• Apparent Trunk Segment.
• Eat Leaves and Other Organic Matter
• Probably among the Earliest Land
• Animals

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Class Diplopoda
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Subphylum Hexapoda
Uniramious Appendages Chewing Mouth Parts Insects
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Class Insecta Insects

• Head /Thorax/Abdomen
• One Pair of Antennae
• Trachea
• Three Pair of Legs
• Compound Eyes
• Many With Two Pair of Wings
• 26 orders

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Class Insecta Insects

• No Metamorphosis
• Incomplete Metamorphosis
• Complete Metamorphosis

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Class Insecta Insects
Complete Metamorphosis
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Class Insecta Insects
Metalic Beetles
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Coelomate Deuterostomes Phylum Echinodermata

• 7,000 Species
• Pentaradial Symmetry
• Water Vascular System
• Tube Feet
• Dermal Spines
• Calcareous Internal Skeleton of Calcarious
  Plates
• All Marine

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Kingdom Animalia Phylum Echinodermata

• Water Vascular System

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Kingdom Animalia Phylum Echinodermata

• Tube Feet

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Echinoderms
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Class Asteroidea Star Fish

• Movement by Tube Feet, Ampulla
• Madroporite
• Body/Five or More Arms Not Distinct
• Dermal Spines
• Tightly Articulated but Moveable Skeletal
  Plates
• Evert Stomach for Feeding

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Class Asteroidea Star Fish
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Class Ophiuroidea Brittle Stars

• Arms used in Serpentine Locomotion
• Skeletal Plates Loosely Articulated
• Tube Feet used as Sensory Organs
• Body/Arms Distinct
• Detritus Feeders
• Spines

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Class Ophiuroidea Brittle Stars
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Phylum Echinodermata Class Echinoidea

• Urchins and Sand Dollars
• Fused Plates
• Usually have Large Spines, Pivot
• No Arms
• Locomotion by Five Rows of Tube Feet
• Mostly Herbivorous
• Complex Jaw-like Structure

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Class Echinoidea Urchins and Sand Dollars

• Dorsal View Sand Dollar Ventral View

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Class Echinoidea

• Boring Urchin

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Phylum Echinodermata Class Holothuroidea

• Sea Cucumbers
• Microscopic Plates, Reduced Skeleton
• No Spines
• Elongate Body, Five rows of Tube Feet
• Tentacles used for Respiration
• or Food Gathering
• Cuvarian Organs, Evisceration
• Water Tree Respiration

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Class Holothuroidea Sea Cucumbers

• Sea Cucumber Anatomy

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Class Holothuroidea Sea Cucumbers

• Thin Walled Sea Cucumber

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Class Holothuroidea Sea Cucumbers

• Sea Cucumber Teeth

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Class Crinoidea Crinoids/Sea Lillies

• Mouth in Dorsal Position
• Movement by Cirri
• Sessile and Attached by a Stalk
• Arms Circle the Mouth for Suspension Feeding
• Very Conservative Evolution

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Class Crinoidea Crinoids/Sea Lillies

• Caribbean Crinoid

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Class Crinoidea Crinoids or Feather Stars/Sea
Lillies