Criminal Psychology part 2.

1
Criminal Psychology part 2.
2
Raine( 1997) Brain Dysfunction Criminality.

• Normal Murderer
• ACTIVITY DEFICIT Raine's PET scans show greater
  activity (red regions) in the prefrontal cortex
  of a normal brain than in a murderer's brain.

• Used PET scans to illustrate murderers showed
  reduced glucose metabolism in the prefrontal
  cortex, superior parietal gyrus corpus
  Callosum.
• Along with asymmetrical activity in the two
  hemispheres.
• This supported a link between brain dysfunction
  and a predisposition to violent acts.

3
Daly Wilson (1988)

• Fitness variance between males and females.
• Basically Women are fairly successful with
  breeding and men not so much, therefore there is
  higher rate of competition- this may lead to
  increased aggression and this increase could
  possibly account for the number of murders being
  committed by men than by women.
• Men do not back down due to male pride the
  desire to impress a potential mate.

4
Social learning theory.

• Bandura Behaviour is learned through
  observation. The said behaviour is then imitated
  by the child/other and taken on as a normal
  behaviour.

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vvdh7MngntnI
• COULD THIS BE THE ANSWER TO CRIMINALITY?

5
Hold a minute...what role do family play?

• Farrington et al suggested disrupted home life
  could be the key.
• 411 Ps (89 years old working class area of inner
  city London.
• Using questionnaires, interviews (of both parent
  and child!)
• Findings 41 criminally convicted between 10
  50 years old.
• Early offence more offence.
• Risk factors family criminality low school
  attainment poverty and poor parenting.
• Conclusion Aspects of upbringing contribute to
  delinquent behaviour in later life.

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Further research!!!

• Sutherland
• The belief that deviant behaviour is learned from
  peers.
• Not just techniques and methods are learned...but
  motives and attitudes too.
• This was called the differential association
  hypothesis

• Loeber
• Delinquency appears to develop in young males.
• That socio-economic factors e.g. Poverty and
  personal attributes such as IQ put young boys at
  risk of delinquency.
• His research Pittsburgh Youth study (2002)
  supported this hypothesis.

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What is your view?

• http//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/74323
  03/Jamie-Bulgers-killers-were-too-young-to-be-trie
  d-for-their-crimes-says-Childrens-Commissioner.htm
  l

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vMpdPGhL8haAfeature
  youtu.bea

Q Who are the victims - Jamie, Jon, Robert, or
all of them?
8
What is the answer to ensure criminals do not
re-offend?

• Firstly Recidivism (fancy word for repeating
  antisocial behaviour after you have been
  punished..in essence re-offending) is based upon
  a number of factors
• In pairs can you note down some of the factors
  you believe to be influential....

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Factors unveiled......

• Length of time spent in prison
• Supervision after release
• Disciplinary reports
• Education level
• Seriousness of crime
• Prisoner ethnicity
• Individual experiences in prison.

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Furthermore

• There has also been research to support the
  theory that employment can have an influencing
  effect on reoffending.
• Gillis et al (2001) offenders who found
  employment within 6 mths of release had fewer
  convictions than offenders who did not find
  employment.
• (Cautionary note must keep in mind cause
  effect)

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Rehabilitation for offenders.

• Prison
• Probation
• Restorative justice
• Death penalty
• Token economy
• Anger management
• Cognitive skills programming
• Acupuncture

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Prison

• Dooley (1990)
• METHOD
• Case notes from 295/300 suicides within prison
  1972-1987.
• RESULTS
• Prisoners serving life or convicted of
  violent/sexual offences most at risk.
• Association between suicide and guilt
• History of psychiatric problems in 1/3 of cases
  and self harm...very common.
• CONCLUSIONS
• Depressive illness likely to contribute to
  suicides in prison.
• Better communication between guards and
  prisoners would reduce suicide risk.

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Prison cont... Zimbardo prison study guards

• 
  
• 
  emotional distress
  
• sadistic
• 
  situational vs. Dispositional
• 
  
  
• 
  Prisoner

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How did the study inform prison reform?

• Rehabilitation is not a major consideration
• People being imprisoned for longer periods
• Less access to training, education counselling
  for prisoners.
• Prisons are potentially damaging
  (Psychologically)
• People can be transformed, play to their roles,
  therefore they are likely to be effected by a
  change in situation after they ae released.
• Programmes are needed to prepare prisoners for
  their new situation and roles outside of prison.
• This will lead to lower rates of recidivism than
  harsher conditions and longer sentences.
• What do you think????

In short they did not inform policy , Zimbardo et
al suggested
15
Can probation be the key??

• Is this effective?

• Probation is usually used as an alternative to
  prison or after release. It can include

• Abiding to curfews
• Living in agreed accommodation
• Wearing a tag
• Supervision by a probation officer.
• Drug rehabilitation.

• The aim is to punish by making the individual pay
  for their crimes by limiting their ability to
  commit further crimes..
• Each offender is dealt with individually and a
  comprehensive treatment plan is put into place to
  help the offender get over their problems and not
  reoffend.

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Prison reform trust 2003

• Findings of Trust!!

• Offenders should only face prison for serious
  crime that could not be dealt with in community.

• UK prison population is growing because courts
  are tending to impose more longer prison
  sentences rather than using community penalties.
• Not due to lack of community options-most happy
  with options available through probation
  service..but it is underfunded.
• Prison should be last option. Better information
  should be available about community options.

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How about restorative justice.

• RESTORATIVE JUSTICE??

• ADVANTAGES

• The victim must volunteer to use approach-the
  offender must have admitted to offence.
• Face-face meeting or by letter.
• Can involve undoing damage remove graffiti.

• It can reduce PTSD, less likely to seek violent
  justice.
• Criminal and victim more satisfied with outcome
  vs traditional justice solutions.
• Decrease costs'

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Death Penalty?

• SUPPORTERS

• CHALLENGERS

• Acts as a deterrent
• Punishment matches the crime
• Families of murder victims deserve to see
  murderer suffer.

• DNA- Some has proven people innocent of crime.
• More expensive to execute than keep alive
• Not applied fairly discriminates against
  minorities and poor.

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Is token economy the key?????

• Rewards for reaching goals Conditions that are
  established

• Based upon the behavioural principle of operant
  conditioning

• Clearly defined behaviour.
• Reasons for tokens....clear!
• Currency of token...clear!
• Rate of earning clear!

Can this really work?
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No..anger management will do it!

• Q Can this have the long-term positive effects?
• A According to Ireland (2000)..yes!

• Therapeutic programme.

• The assumption is violent behaviour is caused by
  anger/frustration
• Control of this will reduce these violent
  behaviour patterns.
• Using CBT specific programmes for use in penal
  system.
• The aim is to improve awareness and control..it
  is hoped it will make a difference after prison.
• 2-hour sessions over eight weeks.

21
Let us review!!

• A range of rehabilitation treatments have been
  used with these individuals/victims.

Police had voiced concerns that he would
re-offend but lack of resources meant he could
not be placed under 24-hour
Born evil?
Not given appropriate assistance
He is alleged to have attacked a woman in her 70s
in a central London street earlier this month,
attempting to rape her and stabbing her in the
hands and face
http//www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/haveyoursay/2010/03/how
_can_we_reduce_reoffending.html
http//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-562120/Ser
ial-rapist-attacks-pensioner-months-deported-Brita
in-Australian-jail.htmlixzz0iABcKTZU