Bacteria

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Bacteria
BACTERIA
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Bacteria (Monerans) Kingdoms Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria

• There are more bacteria on Earth than stars in
  the sky!
• The closest estimate is that there are 5 million
  trillion trillion bacteria on Earth thats a 5
  with 30 zeroes after it.
• Bacteria produce the air we breathe, clean the
  water we drink, and create fertile soil.
• Less than one percent of bacteria cause diseases.

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Bacteria structure prokaryotic cell
plasmid
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Bacteria Growth Curve
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Most bacteria die when conditions get bad

• These conditions could be a change in
  temperature, loss of food, change in pH, etc.
• Some bacteria can preserve themselves during bad
  times, then they can regrow and resume their
  lives. They do this by producing an endospore.
• Endospores can preserve the cells DNA until
  conditions get better again. They are resistant
  to all the bad conditions.

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Endospore production preserves the cell during
hard times not a form of reproduction

• Steps in formation of an endospore

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Endospore
Bacteria that are harmful to humans and that form
endospores Clostridium tetani causes
tetanus Clostridium botulinum causes food
deadly poisoning
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Binary Fission bacteria can divide as often as
every 20 minutes!
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Origin of Monerans

• Archaebacteria
• usually found in harsh environments hot,
  salty, smelly!
• Ancient probably resemble the first bacteria

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Methanogens

• produce methane live in digestive tract of
  mammals, in swamps and sewage.

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thermophiles

• can live in extremely hot water found in hot
  springs

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halophiles

• Live in very salty water, such as the Great Salt
  Lake in Utah and the Dead Sea

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Eubacteria true bacteria

• Many types modern bacteria
• Classification is by
• Cell shape
• Cell wall composition
• Nutrition
• Respiration

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Cell Shape

• Coccus - round

Bacillus - rod
spirillum
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Names can tell a lot about the bacterial growth

• Some bacteria grow alone
• Diplomeans two
• Diplococcus
• Diplobacillus or

• Strepto means chain
• - as in streptococcus
• - and streptobacillus

• Staphylo means cluster
• As in staphlyococcus

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Cell Wall Composition gram positive or gram
negative

• Gram Positive Gram negative
• Stains blue stains pink

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Nutrition Autotrophic or Heterotrophic

• Autotrophs
• make their own food
• Use suns energy or chemical energy

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Most Monerans are Heterotrophs
Escherichia coli
spirillum
anthrax
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Respiration process of getting energy from food

• Aerobic
• Need oxygen
• Cant live without oxygen obligate aerobes
• EX TUBERCULOSIS BACTERIUM
• Prefers to live with oxygen facultative aerobes

Tb lung
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• Anaerobic
• dont need oxYgen
• SOME CANT SURVIVE WITH OXYGEN
• THESE ARE OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
• EX TETANUS
• This baby probably got tetanus from honey dont
  give honey to a baby!

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• SOME CAN LIVE WITH OXYGEN BUT PREFER TO LIVE
  WITHOUT IT fACULTATIVE ANAEROBES

E. coli
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How Important are bacteria to the world?

• Decomposition most important function for
  living things. What happens to all the dead
  bodies?
• Here is a bacterium
• of decay

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Food web
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Nitrogen cycle
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Cow Digestion
Bacteria in the stomach
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Tooth Decay
Dont forget to brush and floss your teeth!
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Foods from bacteria
cheese
yogurt
sauerkraut
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What conditions do bacteria need for the best
growth?

• Food source (your soup is good)
• Proper temperature - human pathogens (disease
  causers) live best at 98.6 F.
• Moisture
• Oxygen (aerobes) or not (anaerobes)
• Change any of these and the growth of bacteria
  can be slowed down or stopped.

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We compete with bacteria for our food they eat
the same stuff we do. How do we preserve our
food?
Drying (prunes)
salting
refrigeration
pickling
freezing
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Diseases caused by bacteria
Anthrax a natural pathogen that can be used for
bioterrorism
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Lyme disease causes illness and can lead to
arthritis
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gonorrhea
plague
Strep throat
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Food poisoning
Salmonella food poisoning from eggs, chicken,
mayonnaise
Botulism from improperly canned foods
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Antibiotics, if used cautiously, can cure
bacterial infections
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Antibiotics are tested using Petri dishes and
paper soaked in the antibiotic anywhere the
antibiotic inhibits growth, a zone of inhibition
will be seen
Most effective
Not effective
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Here is a white blood cell attacking a bacillus
bacillus
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Uses of bacteria other than food production

• Bioremediation using microorganisms to rid
  environment of harmful substances
• Ex oil spill site
• Hazardous waste site
• Sewage treatment

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Medical uses of bacteria

• Genetic engineering to produce medical products
  
• Insulin
• Human growth hormone

Gene for human insulin or hgh
Now all cells will have the gene and will make
the product
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Thats all folks!