Fundamental Principles of Biology in the Cell DNA comprises

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Fundamental Principles of Biology

• in the Cell
• DNA comprises genes encodes RNA
• RNA produces the Proteins
• ---Regulates all biological processes within the
  Organism

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HUMAN CELL Contains 23 pairs of
Chromosomes

• Composed of
• 30,000 to 35,000
• genes

• Inturn
• 3 billion pairs of
• DNA Bases

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Human genome 23 pairs about 30,000 35,000
genes

• Imagine genome as a book
• 23pairs of chromosome as chapters
• Several thousand genes as pages
• Genes as exons with interspaced introns
• Codons (in the exons) in the genes as words
• Codons composed of bases as long as 800 bibles
• If human genome read at the rate of one
  word/second, for 8 hrs. a day will take a century
  to complete
• If we write human genome bases 1
  letter/millimeter, text would be as long as River
  Danube (about 2850 km), second largest river
  after Volga

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Bioinformatics encompasses

• Molecular Biology(source of the data to be
  analyzed)
• Computer Science (hardware for analysis and net
  work to communicate)
• Data analysis algorithms

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COMPONENTS OF BIOINFORMATICS 1. Information net
work 2. Biodiversity information resources 3.
Protein information resources 4. Genome
Information resources 5. DNA sequence
analysis 6. Pair wise alignment techniques 7.
Multiple sequence alignment 8. Secondary data
searching 9. Building a sequence search
protocol 10.Analysis packages
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We have basic understanding on howgene sequences
code specific proteinsBut lacks-role of DNA in
specific diseases-the functions of proteins
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THE METHODS -BIOINFORMATICS

• COLLECT,STORE,RETRIVE,ANALYSE AND CORRELATE
  -the complex informations grouped

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A Short History of the Development of
Bioinformatics - Electrophoresis Tiselius
1933 for protein separation-Structure of
alfa-helix and beta-sheet by Pauling and Corey
1951Double helix model for DNA watson Crick
1953Protein crystallography-Pertuzs group 1954
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-Sequences of first protein Bovine insulin
by F Sanger -First
integrated circuit by Jack Kilby, Texas
Instruments 1958-The Advanced Research Project
Agency (ARPA) of US 1958-Packet-Switching net
work protocols to ARPA 1968-ARPANET created
linkinging at Stanford,UCSB,Uni. Utah and UCLA
1969
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-Needleman-Wunsch Algorithm Sequence comparison
Published 1970-Invent e-mail programme by
Tomlinson 1971
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FIRST Recombinant DNA Molecule created by Paul
Berg-1972 PDB Data Bank. Brookhaven
Announced-1973 Ethernet Ph.D. awarded by
Harvard University --Robert Metealfe-1973 Network
internet developed- Vintcerf
Robert-Kahn-1974 Standardised general markup
Language Charles Goldfarb-1974

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Two-diamentional Electrophoresis-Separation of
Proteins on SDS PAGE 1975--Isoelectric Focusing
1975
Microsoft Corporation Founded- 1975
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1977
Full Description of Brookhaven PDB
published Method for DNA sequencing by A Maxim
W Gilbert(Harward) and F Sanger UK, MRC
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1978
First Usenet connection established between Duke
Uni. North Carolina
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1980
First complete genome sequence of an organism (FX
174) contain 5,386 bp 9 protein NMR used for
protein structure Intelligenetics Inc. founded to
develop programme for DNA Protein sequences
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1981
The Smith-Waterman algorithm for sequence
published IBM_ introduced it PC to the
market Genetics Coputer group created as a part
of Uni. Wisconsin Biotechnology Center to develop
molecular Biology tools
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1983
The Compact-disc launched Name servers are
developed at Wisconsin University
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1984
Jon Postels Domain Name system(DNS) is placed
on-line
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1985
The FASTP algorithm published PCR reation is
described by Kary Mullis and co-workers
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1986
The term GENOMICS appeared first time mapping,
sequencing and analyzing gene. This term is
coined by Thomas Roderick as a name of a new
Journal
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1986
Amoco Technology Corporation acquires
IntelliGenetics SWISS-PORT data base created at
Dept. of Medicine Biochemistry, University of
Geneva
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1987
Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) described-
Burke et al Sci236806-12 Physical map of E.
Coli published-Kohara et al. CELL 51319-37 PERL
(Practical Extration Report Language) Released by
Larry Wall
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1988
NCBI National Center for Bitechnology
established at National Cacer Institute Human
Genome Initiative startedat NRC Internet Computer
virus desinged by a student infects 6,00 military
computers in US
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1990
The BLAST Programme implemented-Altschul et al.
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1991
WWW make up Unix-like operating system
established Creation of expressed gene tags(ESTs)
by Craig Venter
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1992
Human Genome System established at Gaithersburg,
Maryland The Institute of Genomic Research(TIGR)
established by Craig Venter Mel Simon announces
the use of BACs for cloning
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1994
THE PRINTS DATA BASE OF PROTEIN MOTIFS PUBLISHED
BY ATTWOOD BECK
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1995
Microsoft releases 1.0 of Internet Explorer Sun
releases JAVA Haemophilus influenzex genome
(1.8Mb) sequenced Mycoplasma genitalium genome
sequenced
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1996
Genome of Saccharomyces cerevisia (Bakers yeast)
12.1 Mb sequenced Prosite data base reported-
Bairoch et al.
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1997
The genome of E. coli Published (4.7 Mbp)
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1998
Genomes of Caenorhabditis elegans Bakers yeast
published Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
established
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2000
Genome of Psudomonas aerginosa published (6.3
Mbp) Arabodopsis thaliana genome sequenced
(100Mb) Drosophilla melanogaskar genome sequenced
(180 Mb) sequenced
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2001
THE HUMAN GENOME PUBLISHED (3,000 Mbp)
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INDIAS BIODIVESITY1,26,188 species cover all
five Kingdoms 2.4 land area 8 of global
biodiversityFlowering plants 17,000
speciesEndemic species 5725 (33.5)
Total endemic W. Himalaya 5,000
1,195 24 E. Himalayas 6,000
1,808 30Western ghats 4,000
1,500 38 S.W.ghats 1,286 N.W.
ghats 375
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Among the 25 Hot Spots of Biodiversity of the
world - Two are in India Eastern Himalayas
Western Ghats - 26 Endemic centres also been
identified in IndiaIn Kerala -
Agasthyamala - Anamala and High ranges -
Nilgiris Silent valley, Wynadu, Kodagu
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Great Challenges facing the humanity is how to
conserve and manage the natural resources
including the Biological Diversity
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TO OVERCOME THIS Comprehensive and reliable data
and information base at different spatial level
(global,country and regional)
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WE should know What we hold ?? Where is it ??
How much we hold ?? How much does it worth ??
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Documenting all bioresources accurately, within a
shortest possible way should be the highest
priority
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BIODIVERSITY ??? Totality and variability of a
species, genes and the ecosystem they
occupyThree levelsGenetic (within the
species)Diversity,species (organismal)Ecological
(habitat)
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Article 15 of CBD would be possible only if we
have high quality documentation of our biological
diversity
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Biodiversity can be categorized in to different
levels molecular sequences, gene diversity,
individuals, populations, species, higher taxa,
habitats,ecosystems and biomes
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Role of Bioinformatics on Biodiversity 1.
Characterization of biodiversity
2.Bioprospecting of medicinal plants
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Characterization of biodiversity-RAPDs, AFLPs,
DNA/ Protein sequencing, Photochemical screening
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Bioprospecting includesIdentification of novel
drug targets, pesticide precursor compounds,
prospecting of novel genes, mapping areas
cotrolling quantitative traits for development of
new cultivars
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Plant Biotechnology Division developed a sample
web-site on a medicinal plant Andrographis
paniculata on distribution, habit, habitat,
botany,RD literature base name of scientists
working etc. http//www.geocities.com/andrographis