Pollen grains are produced by

1
Pollen grains are produced by

• male reproductive structures.
• female reproductive structures.
• ovules.
• flowers.

2
If a plants gametophyte is conspicuous, the
plant is NOT a

• bryophyte.
• seed plant.
• spore-bearing vascular plant.
• nonvascular plant.

3
In angiosperms, reproduction takes place in

• leaves.
• flowers.
• cones.
• pollen.

4
The carpels of some flowers are composed of
several fused

• carpels.
• petals.
• anthers.
• sepals.

5
The sterile leaves of a flower are the

• carpel and stamens.
• filaments and anthers.
• stigma and style.
• sepals and petals.

6
Three generations of a gymnosperms life cycle
are represented in a

• seed.
• pollen grain.
• pollen cone.
• cone scale.

7
A sticky secretion on the scales of seed cones
traps

• sporophytes.
• pollen cones.
• pollen grains.
• egg cells.

8
A pollen grain landing near an ovule produces a

• gametophyte.
• pollen tube.
• flower.
• stamen.

9
The pollen tube of a gymnosperm contains

• one haploid sperm nucleus.
• two haploid sperm nuclei.
• three haploid sperm nuclei.
• four haploid sperm nuclei.

10
In an angiosperm, pollen grains are produced in
the

• stigma.
• filament.
• carpel.
• anther.

11
In angiosperms, the nucleus of each pollen grain
undergoes

• one meiotic division.
• two meiotic divisions.
• one mitotic division.
• two mitotic divisions.

12
How many nuclei are contained within an
angiosperm embryo sac?

• two
• four
• six
• eight

13
The tough outer layer of a seed is called the

• seed coat.
• fruit.
• nut.
• embryo wall.

14
An angiosperm seed coat is formed from toughened
parts of the

• ovule.
• fruit.
• ovary.
• petals.

15
The light, winged structure that contains a maple
seed at its center forms from

• the ovary wall and flower stem.
• two modified leaves.
• an outgrowth of the seed coat.
• the cotyledons.

16
A ripened ovary that contains angiosperm seeds is
called a(an)

• embryo.
• seed.
• fruit.
• vegetable.

17
Which of the following is true of all fruits?

• All fruits contain seeds.
• All fruits are sweet.
• All fruits are edible.
• All fruits are formed from the ovule.

18
What fruit-eating animal likely would ensure the
widest dispersal of a plants seeds?

• a rat
• a raccoon
• a bird
• a squirrel

19
The seed type shown in Figure 241 that is
generally dispersed by animals is(are)

• A
• B
• both A and B
• neither A nor B

20
A seed that is dispersed to an area far away from
the parent plant might face less

• alternation.
• pollination.
• germination.
• competition.

21
In a coconut, the milk is actually

• the seed coat.
• the ovary.
• the fruit.
• the endosperm.

22
Seeds that are dispersed by wind and water
typically are

• lightweight.
• large.
• nutritious.
• sweet and fleshy.

23
Seeds dispersed by animals typically are
contained in

• fleshy, nutritious fruits.
• unripened ovaries.
• thin coatings that are easily digested.
• lightweight structures.

24
An example in which the entire aboveground part
of the plant acts as a seed delivery system is the

• tumbleweed.
• oak.
• ash.
• coconut tree.

25
Seeds of temperate plants tend to germinate in

• winter.
• spring.
• summer.
• fall.

26
A period during which the embryo of a seed is
alive but not growing is

• fruit production.
• seed production.
• germination.
• dormancy.

27
A period of dormancy can allow seeds to germinate

• under poor conditions.
• under ideal conditions.
• in extreme temperatures.
• without water.

28
The early growth stage of a plant embryo is called

• fertilization.
• dormancy.
• germination.
• pollination.

29
What is true of the seed coat during germination?

• It must crack open.
• It cannot be damaged if germination is to occur.
• It dissolves in water.
• It is absorbed by the growing plant.

30
During germination of most monocots, the single
cotyledon

• emerges aboveground and protects the first
  foliage leaves.
• forms the growing shoot.
• remains within the seed.
• remains underground.

31
Some plants reproduce vegetatively by producing

• plantlets.
• seeds.
• flowers.
• pollen.

32
When a plant reproduces vegetatively, its
offspring

• are genetically different.
• are genetically identical.
• remain dormant until the spring.
• grow from seeds.

33
Compared to the life cycle of a pine tree,
vegetative reproduction of a plant such as an
angiosperm is

• more rapid.
• much slower.
• the same lengthone growing season.
• the same lengthtwo growing seasons.

34
A parent plant and its plantlets

• are not similar.
• are genetically identical.
• develop inside protective structures.
• must always remain attached.

35
The horizontal stems of the strawberry plant
shown in Figure 242 are called

• scions.
• stolons.
• buds.
• plantlets.

36
What could you conclude about two naturally
occurring clusters, several feet apart, of a
plant such as bamboo?

• They are genetically different plants.
• They are different, though genetically identical,
  plants.
• They might be parts of the same plant.
• They are parts of the same plant.

37
Grafting produces

• a single plant with two genotypes.
• a single plant with one genotype.
• two plants with different genotypes.
• two plants with identical genotypes.

38
What would be the best method of propagating
woody plants that do not produce strong root
systems?

• using cuttings
• grafting or budding
• planting seeds
• hand pollination

39
Grafting usually works best when plants are

• growing.
• germinating.
• dormant.
• pollinating.

40
Which two methods of plant propagation are most
similar?

• planting seeds and rooting cuttings
• rooting cuttings and grafting
• rooting cuttings and budding
• grafting and budding

41
In grafting, the cut stem that is attached to the
parent plant is called the

• vascular cambium.
• stock.
• scion.
• cutting.

42
For a graft to be successful, what part of the
two plants must be firmly connected?

• bark
• roots
• vascular cambiums
• stolons

43
Most people in the world depend on food crops
such as

• sugar beets, cabbage, and broccoli.
• strawberries, chilies, and avocados.
• wheat, rice, and corn.
• apples, grapes, and strawberries.

44
Corn, sugar beets, broccoli, and cabbage were all
developed by

• plant propagation.
• germination.
• pollination.
• selective breeding.

45
Which of the following statements about crop
plants is NOT true?

• Crop plants have been improved through selective
  breeding.
• In many crop plants, the endosperm is our primary
  food source.
• Yields of crop plants in North America have
  decreased over time.
• Most cropland in the United States is used to
  grow only a few different crop plants.

46
In gymnosperms, gametophytes are hidden in cones.
_________________________

• True
• False

47
Pollen cones are also called female cones.
_________________________

• True
• False

48
When you look at a mature gymnosperm or
angiosperm, you see the more conspicuous
gametophyte. _________________________

• True
• False

49
In gymnosperms and angiosperms, the pollen grains
produce pollen tubes. _________________________

• True
• False

50
A fruit always contains one or more seeds.
_________________________

• True
• False

51
In seed plants, parts of the ovule toughen to
form a fruit, which protects the delicate embryo
and its food supply. _________________________

• True
• False

52
Fruit is an adaptation that helps ensure
pollination. _________________________

• True
• False

53
Seeds that are dispersed by animals are typically
contained in light, aerodynamic fruits.
_________________________

• True
• False

54
Some seeds go through a period of dormancy,
during which they do not germinate.
_________________________

• True
• False

55
Dormancy can allow a seed to germinate under
ideal growth conditions. _________________________

• True
• False

56
Immediate germination often serves to increase
the area over which seeds are dispersed.
_________________________

• True
• False

57
If they fall to the ground and root, the leaves
of a parent plant can produce new plants.
_________________________

• True
• False

58
Horticulturists use hand pollination to make many
identical copies of a plant. _____________________
_________

• True
• False

59
A plant cutting used for propagation should have
one or more buds containing meristematic tissue.
_________________________

• True
• False

60
A grain cultivated as a food crop likely would
have seeds with a large proportion of seed coat.
_________________________

• True
• False

61
Participant Scores
62
In a flowers stamen, the filament is topped by
a(an) ____________________.
63
Two ovules lie at the base of each scale on a
____________________.
64
A sperm nucleus moves toward a flowers ovary
through a long passageway called a pollen
____________________.
65
If an egg cell is fertilized by a sperm nucleus,
a ____________________ is produced.
66
Any seed enclosed within its embryo wall is
properly referred to as a ____________________.
67
A fruit is a ripened ____________________ that
contains angiosperm seeds.
68
Many lightweight seeds are dispersed by wind or
____________________.
69
A coconut is a very large ____________________
that contains a milky endosperm layer.
70
A seed that is dispersed a far distance away from
the parent plant may be more successful because
it faces less ____________________.
71
Extreme environmental conditions such as heat and
cold may affect the timing of ____________________
, ending seed dormancy.
72
Figure 242
73
In the strawberry plant shown in Figure 242, new
plants are growing on structures called
_________________________.
74
In a plant species that reproduces by the
production of horizontal stems or
_________________________, it may be difficult to
differentiate the parent plant from the offspring
plant lying some distance away.
75
The major crop plants in the world today are
wheat, rice, and ____________________.
76
Figure 243
77
Figure 243 shows that, from 1970 to 2000, the
annual yield of corn in the United States
fluctuated up and down. The overall trend,
however, is that corn yield has
____________________.
78
Two types of chemicals that have increased crop
yields are pesticides and ____________________.
79
Name the four types of specialized leaves in a
flower.
80
What is the function of a pollination drop?
81
Name the process in which one sperm nucleus of an
angiosperm fuses with an egg nucleus and the
other sperm nucleus fuses with two other nuclei
in the embryo sac. What two cells does this
process produce?
82
What is the typical method of pollen dispersal
for gymnosperms? For angiosperms?
83
How can you tell by looking at a fruit how the
seeds it contains are dispersed?
84
Figure 241
85
Of the seeds shown in Figure 241, which is more
typically dispersed by wind? How can you tell?
86
Name two environmental factors that can end a
seeds dormancy.
87
What role does water play in the germination of a
seed?
88
How does a plantlet become a new plant?
89
Name three ways that new plants are produced by
vegetative reproduction.
90
Why do horticulturists use plant propagation?
91
How might a horticulturist make exact copies of a
plant?
92
If you were planning to graft two plants, what
aspect of their growing conditions should you
consider, and why?
93
Figure 243
94
According to Figure 243, what happened to
overall yield of corn in the United States from
1970 to 2000?
95
How did the advent of agriculture influence human
migration patterns?
96
What does the term alternation of generations
refer to? Where are these two generations in seed
plants?
97
How is the evolution of attractive traits such as
bright colors and sweet nectar in angiosperms
related to the dominance of angiosperms over
gymnosperms?
98
Describe the formation of a fruit in an
angiosperm.
99
What is the adaptive value to a plant of
producing a large, sweet fruit?
100
Explain how a forest fire can affect the
germination of certain pine seeds and the
recovery of the forest from a fire.
101
The seeds of some plants can remain dormant for
many years, germinating only when conditions are
favorable. Why might a long period of dormancy be
an advantage to a plant that lives in a harsh
environment?
102
What advantage does vegetative reproduction offer
a horticulturist who is growing large numbers of
a specific variety of plant for commercial sales?
103
Describe grafting and budding, and explain why
these methods of propagation are used.
104
What do budding and reproduction using cuttings
have in common, and what limits the usefulness of
each?
105
Describe two important ways in which agricultural
efficiency has been improved.