Challenges in the 21st Century: Terrorism

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Challenges in the 21st Century Terrorism
Weapons Proliferation
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Terrorism US Response

• Defining Terrorism
• Unlawful violence or other unlawful harmful acts
  committed against civilians by groups or persons
  for political or other ideological goals.
• Acts for creating mass fear or terror
• Acts deliberately targeting non-combatants.
• Groups that have committed terrorist acts
• Right- or left-wing political parties
• Nationalistic or religious groups
• Revolutionaries
• Ruling governments
• Non-state actors

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Terrorism US Response

• 9/11 US Response
• Suicide attacks on the US by Islamic extremists
• 19 terrorists associated with al-Qaeda hijacked 4
  commercial passenger jet airliners
• Casualties 2,973
• Victims from many nations and predominantly
  civilian
• Objectives of the Terrorists
• Get US out of the Arabian Peninsula
• Change US policy towards Iraq
• Change US policy towards Israel

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Terrorism US Response

• US Response
• Terrorists those harboring terrorists are
  Americas enemies
• Declaration of war on terrorism
• To bring Bin Laden and al-Qaeda to justice
• Military and economic sanctions against states
  perceived as harboring terrorists
• Launching worldwide surveillance intelligence
  sharing
• Congress adopted Homeland Security Act (2002)
• Creation of Homeland Security Department
• Congress passed Patriot Act
• Joint Congressional Resolution 107-40,
  authorizing the use of military force to deter
  and prevent acts of international terrorism
  against the US.

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Terrorism US Response

• War on Terrorism
• Invasion of Afghanistan (Dec 2001)
• Overthrow of Talibans regime
• Building of a post-Taliban Afghan government
• Invasion of Iraq (Mar 2003)
• Overthrow of the Sadam regime
• Building of a post-Sadam Iraqi government

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Nuclear Proliferation

• Recognized Nuclear States
• USA (1945)
• UK (1949)
• Russia (1949)
• Peoples Republic of China (1964)
• France (?)
• Unrecognized Nuclear States
• Israel
• India
• Pakistan

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Nuclear Proliferation

• States of Immediately Proliferation Concern
• North Korea
• Iran
• Iraq
• Libya
• Efforts against Nuclear Proliferation
• Baruch Plan, 1946calling for verifiable
  disarmament destruction of the US nuclear
  arsenal and for punishing states attempting to
  acquire nuclear weapons
• Eisenhowers atom for peace proposal and the
  birth of the International Atomic Energy Agency
  (IAEA) in 1957

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Nuclear Proliferation

• Efforts against Nuclear Proliferation
• IAEA
• Promote spread use of civilian nuclear energy
• Prevent detect weaponization of civilian
  nuclear energy
• Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963
• USA, USSR, UK
• Banning nuclear test in outer space, on land
  under water
• Non-proliferation Treaty (1968)
• International control over the fissile material
  technologies used to build atomic bombs

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Nuclear Proliferation

• US Policy
• US signed ratified the Nuclear
  Non-proliferation Treaty in 1968
• US signed ratified the Partial Test Ban Treaty
  in 1963
• US signed but Senate rejected the Comprehensive
  Test Ban Treaty of 1999
• US conducted 1054 nuclear tests between
  1945-1992 none since 1992
• US has been persistent in fighting nuclear
  proliferation
• North Korea
• Iran