Chapter 1 Section 1 The Nature of Science First some basic

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Chapter 1

• Section 1 The Nature of Science

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First some basic terms
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Basic Scientific Terms

• Fact
• When several qualified observers agree with the
  same phenomenon
• They are not absolute (things that were facts
  long ago have been proven wrong now!)
• All matter is made up of Earth, wind, fire, and
  water

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Basic scientific terms (cont.)

• Hypothesis
• An educated guess as to the outcome
• Not a fact
• Must have a test for wrongness
• After many have tested it, it may become a Law or
  Principle
• They are changed or abandoned if contradicted by
  experimental evidence

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Basic scientific terms (cont.)

• Law or Principle (not principal)
• When a hypothesis is tested repeatedly by many
  different scientists with the same outcome
• May be changed if the right evidence is found to
  prove contrary
• Law of gravity, conservation of energy, matter

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Basic scientific terms (cont.)

• Theory
• A synthesis of a large body of information that
  encompasses well tested and verified hypotheses
  about certain aspects of the natural world
• Can be refined as new information is obtained
• Atomic theory, cell theory,
• How about plate tectonics?

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Basic scientific terms (cont.)

• Qualitative measurement
• Using words usually made based on our senses to
  describe what you are measuring
• Color, shape, taste, smell, feel, sound
• The sung is very bright
• A glass of water is heavier than a glass of pop
• Boy that Pohlman guy is fat.
• That dogs coat is shiny

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Basic scientific terms (cont.)

• Quantitative measurement
• Measure or count properties of a substance with
  numbers WILL ALWAYS HAVE s
• The freezing pt of water is ? And the boiling pt
  is ?
• The suns intensity on the earth is 100W m2
• A Liter of water weighs 1,000 g and a Liter of
  ethanol weighs 789 grams.
• Pohlman weighs 198 lbs.

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What do all these branches have in common?

• Other than the fact that they do not have
  distinct boundaries and often overlap.

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Branches of Science and thats not all of them

• Aerodynamics the study of the motion of gas on
  objects and the forces created  
• Anatomy the study of the structure and
  organization of living things  
• Anthropology the study of human cultures both
  past and present  
• Archaeology the study of the material remains of
  cultures  
• Astronomy the study of celestial objects in the
  universe  
• Astrophysics the study of the physics of the
  universe  
• Bacteriology the study of bacteria in relation
  to disease  
• Biochemistry the study of the organic chemistry
  of compounds and processes occurring in organisms
   
• Biophysics the application of theories and
  methods of the physical sciences to questions of
  biology  
• Biology the science that studies living
  organisms  
• Botany the scientific study of plant life  
• Chemical Engineering the application of science,
  mathematics, and economics to the process of
  converting raw materials or chemicals into more
  useful or valuable forms  
• Chemistry the science of matter and its
  interactions with energy and itself  
• Climatology the study of climates and
  investigations of its phenomena and causes
•  Computer Science the systematic study of
  computing systems and computation  
• Ecology the study of how organisms interact with
  each other and their environment  
• Electronics science and technology of electronic
  phenomena  
• Engineering the practical application of science
  to commerce or industry  
• Entomology the study of insects  

• Genetics the science of genes, heredity, and the
  variation of organisms  
• Geology the science of the Earth, its structure,
  and history  
• Marine Biology the study of animal and plant
  life within saltwater ecosystems  
• Mathematics a science dealing with the logic of
  quantity and shape and arrangement  
• Medicine the science concerned with maintaining
  health and restoring it by treating disease  
• Meteorology study of the atmosphere that focuses
  on weather processes and forecasting  
• Microbiology the study of microorganisms,
  including viruses, prokaryotes and simple
  eukaryotes  
• Mineralogy the study of the chemistry, crystal
  structure, and physical (including optical)
  properties of minerals  
• Molecular Biology the study of biology at a
  molecular level  
• Nuclear Physics the branch of physics concerned
  with the nucleus of the atom  
• Neurology the branch of medicine dealing with
  the nervous system and its disorders  
• Oceanography study of the earth's oceans and
  their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and
  physical processes  
• Organic Chemistry the branch of chemistry
  dedicated to the study of the structures,
  synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing
  compounds  
• Ornithology the study of birds  
• Paleontology the study of life-forms existing in
  former geological time periods  
• Petrology the geological and chemical study of
  rocks  
• Physics the study of the behavior and properties
  of matter  
• Physiology the study of the mechanical,
  physical, and biochemical functions of living
  organisms  
• Radiology the branch of medicine dealing with
  the applications of radiant energy, including
  x-rays and radioisotopes  

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Branches of Science easier way to look at them
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Scientific Method

• A way science gets done
• A method to gain, organize and apply new
  knowledge
• Its been around for quite a long time
• Principal founders of method
• Aristotle (384 BCE-322 BCE or BC)
• Stated you could solve problems by thinking about
  them
• Howver, he never tested the ideas
• Galileo Galilei (1560 - 1642)
• Francis Bacon (1561 1626)

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Scientific Method

• Recognize a problem
• Make a guess about a solution hypothesis
• Predict the consequences of hypothesis
• Perform experiments to test prediction
• Formulate the simplest general rule that
  organizes the problem, hypothesis and
  experimental results.

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Scientific Attitude

• Not all discoveries were the result of following
  the scientific method
• Trial and error, experiments without guessing,
  accidental discovery
• The microwave for example
• Attitude helps in discovery
• Inquiry
• Experimentation
• Humility

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Science and Technology

• Science is a method of answering theoretical
  questions
• Technology is a method of solving practical
  problems
• Science seeks to explain how
• Technology is the application of science
• What would life be like without the Wii?

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How do we share the knowledge?

• With models

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Scientific Models

• Scientists create models to help them to
  visualize complex properties, structures or
  behaviors. Scientists must gather Indirect
  Evidence to develop their models.

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Indirect Evidence

• Evidence gathered without being able to directly
  observe the object. Just like pieces being added
  to a puzzle, each new bit of information gives us
  a better understanding of the model.

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How is it gathered?

• Indirect evidence is gathered through
  experimentation.
• Its like navigating through a maze blindfolded,
  each experiment allows the scientist to move one
  step closer to the solution.

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Starting out small and adding

• Scientists build their models using only the data
  they have collected
• As more indirect evidence is added the model
  expands to fit the evidence
• Example Pluto

Or was it?
Pluto was the last planet in the solar system to
be discovered in 1930
Pluto is now classified as a dwarf planet. Rules
for planethood The object must orbit the Sun.
The object must have enough mass and gravity to
pull itself into a sphere The object must have
cleared its orbit dealing with dominant
gravitational body in its orbit but its size
does not warrant this
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What should models look like?

• Models may not always look like the actual
  object.
• It is an attempt to use familiar ideas to
  describe unfamiliar things in a visual way.
• Dinosaurs for example what did they look like?

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The atomic model

• The atomic model has changed numerous times as
  new information has presented its self.

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Scientific models are they finalized

• Scientific Models are never really finished. As
  new information is discovered, models can be
  modified or changed.

Can you identify this much changed model?