Jyothi Sridhar Kini

1
Programming in COBOL-85For IBM Mainframe System
390

• Jyothi Sridhar Kini
• ER, Infosys
• Mail-id Jyothis_at_infosys.com
• Phone 52179

2
Course Plan

• Day 1 Introduction to COBOL
• Day 2 Cobol Language constructs
• Day 3 Sequential File Handling
• Day 4 Index sequential file handling, COPY,
  CALL
• Day 5,6,7 Working on project

3
Pre-requisites

• Programming Fundamentals.
• MVS Operating system and its subsystem TSO.
• Job Control Language to submit jobs to MVS.
• Navigating through ISPF.

4
Topics beyond the scope

• Report writer feature of COBOL

5
References
6
Agenda for Day 1

• Evolution and Features of COBOL.
• General Coding and Format rules.
• Language Fundamentals.
• Input and Output verbs.
• Arithmetic verbs.
• Design and development of simple COBOL programs

7
History of COBOL

• Early years.
• ANS Versions of COBOL.
• Future of COBOL. http//www.home.swbell.net/mc
  k9/cobol/cobol.html http//www.infogoal.com/cbd/
  cbdhome.html

8
History of COBOL

• 1960 COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
  initial specifications presented by CODASYL
  (Conference on Data System Languages)
• 1964 revised to make COBOL more flexible
• 1968 ANSI (American National Standards
  Institute) developed American National Standard
  (ANS) COBOL
• Standardized form
• Attempted to overcome incompatibilities of
  different versions of COBOL
• 1974 ANSI published revised version of (ANS)
  COBOL
• Business applications needed to manipulate
  character as well as numeric data
• String operations added

9
History of COBOL

• 1985 ANSI published another revised version of
  COBOL
• Designed to take advantage of structured
  programming techniques
• Logic errors reduced with END statements
• Case statement reduced nested IFs
• Less English-like
• Maintained readability and business orientation
• Compatible with previous versions

10
COBOL

• COBOL is an acronym which stands forCOmmon
  Business Oriented Language.
• The name indicates the target area of COBOL
  applications.
• COBOL is used for developing business, typically
  file-oriented, applications.
• It is not designed for writing systems programs.
  You would not develop an operating system or a
  compiler using COBOL.
• COBOL is one of the oldest computer languages in
  use (it was developed in late 1950s).

11
CODSYL
12
Nature of COBOL

• Business Oriented Language.
• Standard Language.
• Robust Language.
• Structured Programming Language.
• English-like Language.

13
Structure of a COBOL program
SENTENCES
PROGRAM
STATEMENTS
DIVISIONS
RESERVED WORDS
USER DEFINED WORDS
SECTIONS
PARAGRAPHS
CHARACTERS
14
COBOL Character set

• Alphabets (Both upper and lower case)
• Digits (0 to 9)
• Special characters b -
  / ,
  . lt gt ( )

15
The COBOL DIVISIONs

• DIVISIONS are used to identify the principal
  components of the program text. There are four
  DIVISIONS in all.
• IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
• ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. // Optional
• DATA DIVISION. // Optional
  
• PROCEDURE DIVISION.

16
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION

• The purpose of the IDENTIFICATION DIVISION is to
  provide information about the program to the
  programmer and to the compiler.
• Most of the entries in the IDENTIFICATION
  DIVISION are directed at the programmer and are
  treated by the compiler as comments.

17
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION...

• An exception to this is the PROGRAM-ID clause.
  Every COBOL program must have a PROGRAM-ID. It
  is used to enable the compiler to identify the
  program.
• There are several other informational paragraphs
  in the IDENTIFICATION DIVISION but we will ignore
  them for the moment.

18
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION...

• The IDENTIFICATION DIVISION has the following
  structure IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.PROGRAM-ID.
  PGM-NAME.AUTHOR. YourName.

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID.
FIRSTPGM. AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
19

• IDENTIFICATION DIVISION...
• The keywords IDENTIFICATION DIVISION represent
  the division header and signal the commencement
  of the program text.
• The paragraph name PROGRAM-ID is a keyword. It
  must be specified immediately after the division
  header.
• The program name can be up to 8 characters long
  on MF(30 in case of windows).

20
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION...

• Is used to identify the program to the computer.
• Is the least significant DIVISION of a COBOL
  program.

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID.
Member-name. ( Max 8 chars, letters digits only
) AUTHOR. / Optional entry INSTALLATION.
/ Optional entry DATE-WRITTEN. / Optional
entry DATE-COMPILED. / Optional entry
21
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION

• The ENVIRONMENT DIVISION is totally optional
  unless you want to use files / specify special
  devices to the compiler in your program.
• Is used to indicate the Specific Computers used
  to develop and execute the program.
• The general format of ED is

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. CONFIGURATION
SECTION. SOURCE-COMPUTER. VAX-6410. OBJECT-COMPUTE
R. IBM-ES9000. INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT EMPL-FILE ASSIGN TO DISC. ...
22
The DATA DIVISION

• The DATA DIVISION is used to describe most of the
  data that a program processes.
• The DATA DIVISION has two main sections-
• FILE SECTION.
• WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
• The FILE SECTION is used to describe most of the
  data that is sent to, or comes from, the
  computers peripherals.
• The WORKING-STORAGE SECTION is used to describe
  the general variables used in the program.

23
DATA DIVISION

• Is used to describe the structure of the
  fields, records, files and temporary variables
  used for calculations.

DATA DIVISION. / Optional entry FILE
SECTION. FD filename . . . . . . . SD
sortfile . . . . . . . WORKING-STORAGE
SECTION. . . . . . . .
24
PROCEDURE DIVISION

• Is the most significant DIVISION of a COBOL
  program.
• Includes statements and sentences necessary for
  reading input, processing it and writing the
  output. These are theinstructions that are
  executed by the computer at the RUN TIME.

25
PROCEDURE DIVISION

• The PROCEDURE DIVISION is where all the data
  described in the DATA DIVISION is processed and
  produced desired results. It is here that the
  programmer describes his algorithm.
• The PROCEDURE DIVISION is hierarchical in
  structure and consists of Sections, Paragraphs,
  Sentences and Statements.

26
PROCEDURE DIVISION...

• Only the Section is optional. There must be at
  least one paragraph, sentence and statement in
  the PROCEDURE DIVISION .
• In the PROCEDURE DIVISION, paragraph and section
  names are chosen by the programmer.
• The names used should reflect the processing
  being done in the paragraph or section.

27
Sections

• A SECTION is a block of code made up of one or
  more paragraphs.
• A SECTION begins with the section-name and ends
  where next section name is encountered or where
  the program text ends.
• A SECTION name consists of a name devised by the
  programmer or defined by the language followed by
  the word SECTION followed by a full stop.
• U0000-SELECT-USER-RECORDS SECTION.
• FILE SECTION.

28
Paragraphs

• Each section consists of one or more paragraphs.
  
• A PARAGRAPH is a block of code made up of one or
  more sentences.
• A PARAGRAPH begins with the paragraph-name and
  ends with the next paragraph or section name or
  the end of the program text.
• The paragraph-name consists of a name devised by
  the programmer or defined by the language
  followed by a full stop.
• P0000-PRINT-FINAL-TOTALS.
• PROGRAM-ID.

29
Sentences and Statements

• A PARAGRAPH consists of one or more sentences.
• A SENTENCE consists of one or more statements and
  is terminated by a full stop.
• MOVE .21 TO VAT-RATECOMPUTE VAT-AMOUNT
  PRODUCT-COST VAT-RATE.
• DISPLAY "Enter Name " WITH NO ADVANCINGACCEPT
  STUDENT-NAMEDISPLAY "Name Entered was "
  STUDENT-NAME.
• A STATEMENT consists of a COBOL verb and an
  operand or operands.
• SUBTRACT T-TAX FROM GROSS-PAY GIVING NET-PAY
• READ STUDENT-FILE AT END SET END-OF-FILE
  TO TRUEEND-READ

30
First COBOL program

• IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
• PROGRAM-ID.FIRSTPGM.
• AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
• DATA DIVISION.
• WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
• 01 WS-NUM-1 PIC 9(001) VALUE ZEROS.
• 01 WS-NUM-2 PIC 9(001) VALUE ZEROS.
• 01 WS-RESULT-1 PIC 9(002) VALUE ZEROS.
• PROCEDURE DIVISION.
• A0000-MAIN-PARA.
• ACCEPT WS-NUM-1
• ACCEPT WS-NUM-2
• MULTIPLY WS-NUM-1 BY WS-NUM-2 GIVING
• WS-RESULT-1
• DISPLAY "Result is ", WS-RESULT-1
• STOP RUN
• .

31
The minimum COBOL program

• IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
• PROGRAM-ID. SMALLPGM.
• PROCEDURE DIVISION.
• A0000-DISPLAY-PARA.
• DISPLAY "I did it."
• STOP RUN
• .

What is the model we have used to describe
the COBOL program structure?
TOP-DOWN
32
COBOL coding rules

• Almost all COBOL compilers treat a line of COBOL
  code as if it contained two distinct areas. These
  are known as Area A and Area B
• When a COBOL compiler recognizes these two areas,
  all division, section, paragraph names, FD
  entries and 01 level entries must start in Area
  A. All other sentences/statements must start in
  Area B.
• Area A is four characters wide and is followed by
  Area B.

33
COBOL coding rules...

• In some COBOL compilers these coding restrictions
  are removed.
• For example In Microfocus COBOL compiler
  directive SET SOURCEFORMAT"FREE" frees us from
  all formatting restrictions.

SET SOURCEFORMAT"FREE" IDENTIFICATION
DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. ProgramFragment. This
is a comment. It starts with an asterisk in
column 1
34
COBOL coding sheet
35
COBOL coding rules

• Each line is considered to be made up of 80
  columns.
• Columns 1 to 6 are reserved for line numbers.
• Column 7 is an indicator column and has special
  meaning to the compiler. Asterisk ( )
  indicates comments Hyphen ( - ) indicates
  continuation Slash ( / ) indicates form feed

36
COBOL coding rules

• Columns 8 to 11 are called Area A. All COBOL
  DIVISIONs, SECTIONs, paragraphs and some special
  entries must begin in Area A.
• Columns 12 to 72 are called Area B. All COBOL
  statements must begin in Area B.
• Columns 73 to 80 are identification area.

37
COBOL data description

• COBOL uses what could be described as a
  declaration by example strategy.
• In effect, the programmer provides the system
  with an example, or template, or PICTURE of what
  the data item looks like.
• From the picture the system derives the
  information necessary to allocate it.

38
Basic data types

• Alphabetic
• Numeric
• Alphanumeric
• Edited numeric
• Edited alphanumeric

39
Literals

• Literals are symbols whose value does not
  change in a program.
• There are 3 types of literals namely (1)
  Numeric literals. (2) Non-numeric
  literals. (3) Figurative constants.

40
Literals
Numeric literals

• Are formed using digits only.
• May include a sign which must be the extreme
  left character.
• There must not be any blank between the sign
  and the first digit.
• May include a decimal point which can not be
  the right most character.
• Can have at most 18 digits.

41
Literals
Non-numeric literals

• Are used display headings or messages.
• Are a sequence of characters (except quotes)
  from the COBOL character set enclosed within
  quotes.
• May contain up to 160 characters including
  spaces.

42
Literals
Figurative constants
Figurative constants Meaning ZERO(S) or
ZEROES Represents the value 0, one or more
depending on the context SPACE(S) Represents
one or more spaces HIGH-VALUE(S) Represents
the highest value LOW-VALUE(S) Represents the
lowest value QUOTE(S) Represents single or
double
quotes
43
Data names

• Are named memory locations.
• Must be described in the DATA DIVISION before
  they can be used in the PROCEDURE DIVISION.
• Can be of elementary or group type.
• Can be subscripted.
• Are user defined words.

44
Rules for forming User-defined words

• Are used to form section, paragraph and data
  names.
• Can be at most 30 characters in length.
• Only alphabets, digits and hyphen are allowed.
• Blanks are not allowed.
• May not begin or end with a hyphen.
• Should not be a COBOL reserved word.

45
Description of data names

• All the data names used in the PROCEDURE
  DIVISION must be described in the DATA DIVISION.
• The description of a data name is done with the
  aid of (1) Level number (2) PICTURE
  clause (3) VALUE clause

46
Description of data names
Level number

• Is used to specify the the data hierarchy.

Level Number Purpose 01 Record
description and independent items 02 to 49
Fields within records and sub items
66 RENAMES clause 77
Independent items 88
Condition names
47
Description of data names
PICTURE clause

• Is used to specify the following (1) The data
  type (2) The storage requirement.
• Can be abbreviated as PIC.
• Can be abbreviated in case of recurring
  symbols.
• Is used only elementary items.

48
Description of data names
PICTURE clause
Code Meaning 9 Numeric
A Alphabetic X Alphanumeric V
Decimal Point S Sign bit
49
Description of data names
VALUE clause

• Is used to assign an initial value to a
  elementary data item.
• The initial value can be numeric literal, non-
  numeric literal or figurative constant.
• Is an optional clause.

50
Group and elementary items

• In COBOL the term group item is used to
  describe a data item which has been further
  subdivided.
• A Group item is declared using a level number and
  a data name. It cannot have a picture clause.
• Where a group item is the highest item in a data
  hierarchy it is referred to as a record and uses
  the level number 01.

51
Group and elementary items..

• The term elementary item is used to describe
  data items which are atomic, that is, not further
  subdivided.
• An elementary item declaration consists of
• a level number,
• a data name
• picture clause.
• An elementary item must have a picture clause.
• Every group or elementary item declaration must
  be followed by a full stop.

52
PICTURE Clauses for Group Items

• Picture clauses are NOT specified for group
  data items because the size of a group item is
  the sum of the sizes of its subordinate,
  elementary items and its type is always assumed
  to be PIC X.
• The type of a group items is always assumed to be
  PIC X, because group items may have several
  different data items and types subordinate to
  them.
• An X picture is the only one which could support
  such collections.

53
Group Items/Records - Example
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01 STUDENT-DETAILS PIC
X(026).
STUDENT-DETAILS
H E N N E S S Y R M 9 2 3 0 1 6 5 L M 5 1 0 5 5 0
F
54
Group Items/Records - Example
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01 STUDENT-DETAILS. 02
STUDENT-NAME PIC X(010). 02 STUDENT-ID PIC
9(007). 02 COURSE-CODE PIC X(004). 02 GRANT P
IC 9(004). 02 GENDER PIC X(001).
STUDENT-DETAILS
H E N N E S S Y R M 9 2 3 0 1 6 5
L M 5 1 0 5 5 0 F
STUDENT-NAME STUDENT-ID COURSE-CODE
GRANT GENDER
55
Group Items/Records
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01 STUDENT-DETAILS. 02
STUDENT-NAME. 03 SURNAME PIC X(008). 03
INITIALS PIC X(002). 02 STUDENT-ID PIC
9(007). 02 COURSE-CODE PIC X(004). 02 GRANT
PIC 9(004). 02 GENDER PIC X(001).
STUDENT-DETAILS
H E N N E S S Y R M 9 2 3 0 1 6 5
L M 5 1 0 5 5 0 F
STUDENT-NAME STUDENT-ID
COURSE-CODE GRANT GENDER
SURNAME INITIALS
56
LEVEL Numbers DATA hierarchy

• In COBOL, level numbers are used to decompose a
  structure into its constituent parts.
• In this hierarchical structure the higher the
  level number, the lower the item is in the
  hierarchy. At the lowest level the data is
  completely atomic.
• The level numbers 01 through 49 are general level
  numbers, but there are also special level numbers
  such as 66, 77 and 88.
• In a hierarchical data description what is
  important is the relationship of the level
  numbers to one another, not the actual level
  numbers used.

01 STUDENT-DETAILS. 02 STUDENT-NAME. 03
SURNAME PIC X(008). 03 INITIALS PIC
X(002). 02 STUDENT-ID PIC 9(007). 02 COURSE-COD
E PIC X(004). 02 GRANT PIC 9(004). 02 GENDER
PIC X(001).
01 STUDENT-DETAILS. 05 STUDENT-NAME. 10
SURNAME PIC X(008). 10 INITIALS PIC
X(002). 05 STUDENT-ID PIC 9(007). 05 COURSE-COD
E PIC X(004). 05 GRANT PIC 9(004). 05 GENDER
PIC X(001).
57
Description of data names
Example
DATA DIVISION. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01
WS-REGNO PIC X(5). 01
WS-NAME. 05 WS-FIRST-NAME PIC A(15). 05
WS-MID-NAME PIC A(15). 05 WS-LAST-NAME
PIC A(10). 01 WS-AGE
PIC 99V99. 01 WS-SCHOLARSHIP PIC
9(4) VALUE 1000.
58
Break
59
Edited picture symbols
Edit symbol Meaning Z Zero
suppression Check protection ,
Comma insertion - Minus sign
insertion Plus or minus sign
insertion
60
Edited picture symbols
Edit symbol Meaning
Dollar sign insertion CR Credit
symbol DB Debit symbol B
Blank insertion /
Slash insertion .
Decimal point insertion BLANK WHEN ZERO
Blank insertion when
the value is zero.
61
Edited picture symbols
Examples
Edit symbol Value Edited
value ZZ999 12
012 99 12
12 9999 123
0123 -9999
-1234 -1234 9999
-1234 -1234
62
Edited picture symbols
Examples
Edit symbol Value Edited
value 999CR -12
012CR 999CR 12
012bb 999.9 12 . 34
012 . 3 99,999
1234 01,234 99B99
1234 12 34
63
PROCEDURE DIVISION Verbs

• Data movement verb.
• Arithmetic Verbs.
• Input / Output Verbs.
• Sequence control verbs.
• File handling verbs.

64
Instruction Format Specification

• Uppercase words are COBOL reserved words.
• Underlined words are mandatory.
• One of the elements in the flower brackets is
  mandatory.
• Elements in square brackets are optional.
• Punctuation symbols are mandatory.
• Ellipses indicate addition entries of same type
  can follow.

65
Input / Output Verbs

• ACCEPT Verb Syntax ACCEPT identifier
  FROM DATE, DAY, TIME, mnemonic-name .
  Examples (1) ACCEPT NUMBER-1. (2) ACCEPT
  TODAY-DATE FROM DATE.

66
Input / Output Verbs

• DISPLAY Verb Syntax DISPLAY
  identifier-1, literal-1 , . . .
  Examples (1) DISPLAY The
  sum is SUM.

67
Arithmetic Verbs
ADD SUBTRACT MULTIPLY DIVIDE COMPUTE
68
ADD Verb
Syntax-1 ADD identifier-1, literal-1
, identifier-2, literal-2 . . . TO
identifier-3 , identifier-4 . . .
Syntax-2 ADD identifier-1, literal-1
identifier-2, literal-2 identifier-3,
literal-3 GIVING identifier-4 . . .
69
ADD Verb
Examples (1) ADD NUM-1 TO NUM-2. (2)
ADD NUM-1, NUM-2 TO NUM-3. (3) ADD 12,
NUM-1, NUM-2 TO NUM-3, NUM-4. (4) ADD
NUM-1, NUM-2 GIVING NUM-3. (5) ADD 12,
NUM-1 GIVING NUM-2, NUM-3.
70
ADD Examples
ADD Cash TO Total. Before
3 1000 After ADD Cash, 20 TO
Total, Wage. Before 3
1000 100 After ADD Cash,
Total GIVING Result. Before 3
1000 0015 After ADD Males TO
Females GIVING TotalStudents. Before
1500 0625
1234 After

• 3 1003
• 3 1023 123
• 3 1000 1003
• 1500 0625 2125
  

71
SUBTRACT Verb
Syntax SUBTRACT identifier-1, literal-1
identifier-2, literal-2 . . . FROM
identifier-3 , identifier-4 , GIVING
identifier-5 , identifier-6 . . .
72
SUBTRACT Verb
Examples (1) SUBTRACT NUM-1 FROM NUM-2.
(2) SUBTRACT NUM-1, NUM-2 FROM NUM-3. (3)
SUBTRACT 5, NUM-1 FROM NUM-2, NUM-3. (4)
SUBTRACT 12 FROM NUM-1 GIVING NUM-2. (5)
SUBTRACT NUM-1 FROM NUM-2 GIVING NUM-3.
73
SUBTRACT Examples
SUBTRACT Tax FROM GrossPay, Total. Before
120 4000
9120 After SUBTRACT Tax, 80 FROM
Total. Before 100
480 After SUBTRACT Tax FROM
GrossPay GIVING NetPay. Before
750 1000
0012 After

• 120 3880 9000
• 100 300
• 750 1000 0250

74
MULTIPLY Verb
Syntax MULTIPLY identifier-1, literal-1
BY identifier-2 identifier-3 .
. . , GIVING identifier-4 ,
identifier-5 . . .
75
MULTIPLY Verb
Examples (1) MULTIPLY NUM-1 BY NUM-2.
(2) MULTIPLY NUM-1 BY NUM-2 GIVING
NUM-3. (3) MULTIPLY 5 BY NUM-1 GIVING
NUM-2. (4) MULTIPLY NUM-1 BY NUM-2
GIVING NUM-4, NUM-5.
76
DIVIDE Verb
Syntax-1 DIVIDE identifier-1, literal-1
INTO identifier-2 , identifier-2 .
. . GIVING identifier-4 ,
identifier-5 . . . .. Syntax-2 DIVIDE
identifier-1, literal-1 BY identifier-2,
literal-2 GIVING identifier-3 ,
identifier-4 .
77
DIVIDE Verb
Syntax-3 DIVIDE identifier-1, literal-1
INTO , BY identifier-2,
literal-2 GIVING identifier-3 REMAINDER
identifier-4 .
78
DIVIDE Verb
Examples (1) DIVIDE 5 INTO NUM-1. (2)
DIVIDE 6 INTO NUM-1 GIVING NUM-2, NUM-3.
(3) DIVIDE NUM-1 BY 3 GIVING NUM-2, NUM-3.
(4) DIVIDE NUM-1 BY NUM-2 GIVING NUM-3.
(5) DIVIDE NUM-1 BY NUM-2 GIVING NUM-3
REMAINDER NUM-4.
79
MULTIPLY and DIVIDE
MULTIPLY Subs BY Members GIVING TotalSubs
ON SIZE ERROR DISPLAY
"TotalSubs too small"
END-MULTIPLY.
Subs Members TotalSubs Before
15.50 100
0123.45 After MULTIPLY 10 BY Magnitude,
Size. Before
355 125 After DIVIDE Total
BY Members GIVING Average ROUNDED. Before
9234.55 100
1234.56 After

• 15.50 100 1550.00
  
• 3550 1250
• 9234.55 100 92.35

80
ROUNDED Option
Syntax Arithmetic statement ROUNDED
. Examples (1) ADD NUM-1, NUM-2, NUM-3
GIVING NUM-4 ROUNDED. (2) DIVIDE NUM-1 BY
NUM-2 GIVING NUM-3 ROUNDED.
81
The ROUNDED option
Receiving Field Actual Result Truncated
Result Rounded Result PIC 9(3)V9.
123.25 PIC 9(3). 123.25

• 123.2 123.3
• 123 123

• The ROUNDED option takes effect when, after
  decimal point alignment, the result calculated
  must be truncated on the right hand side.
• The option adds 1 to the receiving item when the
  leftmost truncated digit has an absolute value of
  5 or greater.

82
ON SIZE ERROR Option
Syntax Arithmetic statement ON SIZE ERROR
imperative statement . . . Examples (1) ADD
NUM-1, NUM-2, NUM-3 TO NUM-4 ON SIZE
ERROR PERFORM 900-EXIT-PARA. (2). DIVIDE
NUM-1 BY NUM-2 ON SIZE ERROR PERFORM
800-ERROR-PARA.
83
On size error option
Receiving Field Actual Result SIZE
ERROR PIC 9(3)V9. 245.96 PIC
9(3)V9. 1245.9 PIC 9(3). 124 PIC
9(3). 1246 PIC 9(3)V9 Not Rounded 124.45
PIC 9(3)V9 Rounded 124.45 PIC 9(3)V9
Rounded 3124.45

• Yes
• Yes
• No
• Yes
• Yes
• No
• Yes

• A size error condition exists when, after decimal
  point alignment, the result is truncated on
  either the left or the right hand side.
• If an arithmetic statement has a rounded phrase
  then a size error only occurs if there is
  truncation on the left hand side (most
  significant digits).

84
COMPUTE Verb
Syntax COMPUTE identifier-1 . . .
ROUNDED algebraic expression ON SIZE
ERROR imperative statement. Example
COMPUTE VOLUME ( 4 / 3) ( 22 / 7 ) R
3. Note If the ROUNDED and ON SIZE ERROR both
appear, then the ROUNDED option should precede
the ON SIZE ERROR.
85
The COMPUTE
Precedence Rules. 1. POWER NN 2.
MULTIPLY x / DIVIDE 3. ADD - SUBTRA
CT -
Compute IrishPrice SterlingPrice / Rate
100. Before 1000.50
156.25 87 After

• 179.59 156.25 87

86
Review

• Features of COBOL.
• General Coding and Format rules.
• Language Fundamentals.
• Input and Output verbs.
• Arithmetic verbs.

87
Review questions

• If an entry must begin in area A ,it must begin
  in
• If an entry must begin in area B,it must begin in
  position
• Program-id is the paragraph name that appears in
  the
• The word rounded (precedes, follows) the ON SIZE
  ERROR clause in an arithmetic statement

Column number 8,9,10,11
12 to 72 any where
identification division
precedes
88
Review questions
18 digits

• A numeric literal in COBOL can have at most
• A Non numeric literal can have maximum
• Indicate True or False
• A 01 level entry cannot have a picture class
• In COBOL a data name must contain at least 8
  characters
• A COBOL sentence consists of one or more than one
  statement the last of which is terminated by a
  period

160 characters including spaces
False
False
True
89
Any Questions ????
90
Thank you

• Jyothi Sridhar Kini
• ER, Infosys
• Mail-id Jyothis_at_infosys.com
• Phone 52179