Personality Inventory

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Personality Inventory
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Reliability and Validity

• reliability does it yield consistent result?
• validity does it measure what it is supposed to
  measure?
• Construct validity the extent to which an
  instrument measures some hypothetical construct
  such as intelligence, extraversion, etc.
• Convergent validity
• Divergent validity
• Discriminant validity
• Predictive validity the extent that a test
  predicts future.

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Self-Report Inventories

• Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire
• multiple-choice test developed by Cattell and his
  colleagues in the 1940's
• factor analysis (based on the correlation
  coefficient) in a quest to try to discover all
  the fundamental dimensions of human personality
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Personality_Factor
  s

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Self-Report Inventories

• Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R)
• measure of the Five Factor Model OCEAN
• Openness
• Fantasy
• Aesthetics
• Feelings
• Actions
• Ideas
• Values

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• Conscientiousness
• Competence
• Order
• Dutifulness
• Achievement Striving
• Self-Discipline
• Deliberation
• Extraversion
• 1. Warmth
• 2. Gregariousness
• 3. Assertiveness
• 4. Activity
• 5. Excitement Seeking
• 6. Positive Emotion

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• Agreeableness
• Trust
• Straightforwardness
• Altruism
• Compliance
• Modesty
• Tendermindedness
• Neuroticism
• Anxiety
• Hostility
• Depression
• Self-Consciousness
• Impulsiveness
• Vulnerability to Stress

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Self-report Inventories

• California Psychological Inventory
• created in a similar manner to the MMPI
• not concerned with maladjustment or clinical
  diagnosis, but concerned itself with more
  "normal" aspects of personality
• Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-3
• intended to provide information on
  psychopathology,
• modeled on four scales
• 14 Personality Disorder Scales
• 10 Clinical Syndrome Scales
• Correction Scales (which help detect
  inaccurate responding)
• 42 Grossman Personality Facet Scales

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Original MMPI (1930s)

• Hathaway and McKinley empirical keying approach
• the clinical scales were derived by selecting
  items that were endorsed by patients known to
  have been diagnosed with certain pathologies.
• not based on any particular theory, and thus the
  initial test was not aligned with the prevailing
  psychodynamic theories of that time.
• capture aspects of human psychopathology that
  were recognizable and meaningful despite changes
  in clinical theories.
• Minnesota normals (n 724) versus appropriate
  criterion groups.
• Started with 1000 items and ended with 504.

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Problems of MMPI-1

• Did not discriminate the clinical groups
  intended.
• High correlation among scales.

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MMPI-2

• Aims of MMPI-2
• Revise and modernize by deleting objectionable,
  non-working, and obsolete items.
• Expand the item pool to include additional items
  addressing contemporary clinical problems and
  applications (e.g. homosexual, introversion )
• Maintain the basic clinical scales.
• New representative, nationally based sample.
• Collect extensive data for validation.

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MMPI-2

• 567 items, all true-or-false format, and usually
  takes between 1 and 2 hours to complete.
• an infrequently used abbreviated form of the test
  that consists of the MMPI-2's first 370 items.
• The shorter version has been mainly used in
  circumstances that have not allowed the full
  version to be completed (e.g., illness or time
  pressure

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MMPI-2

• Clinical Scales

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MMPI-2

• Clinical Scales

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MMPI-2

• Validity Scales
• L scale Lie, Client "faking good
• F Scale Infrequency, Client "faking bad"
• less than 10 of normals answered the items in
  the way.
• K Scale Defensiveness, Denial/Evasiveness

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Scoring and Interpretation

• Like many standardized tests, scores on the
  various scales of the MMPI-2 is not
  representative of how "well" or "poorly" someone
  has done on the test.
• Rather, analysis looks at relative elevation of
  factors compared to the various norm groups
  studied.
• Raw scores on the scales are transformed into a
  standardized T-scores (Mean or Average equals 50,
  Standard Deviation equals 10) making
  interpretation easier for clinicians.

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Projective Tests

• Draw-a-person
• Developed originally by Florence Goodenough in
  1926
• inferring children's cognitive developmental
  levels with little or no influence of other
  factors e.g. language barriers, special needs.
• Rorschach
• first created in 1921,came in to widespread use
  after 1960
• 5 black cards and 5 color cards
• Subject shown card and asked what it looks like
• Interpretation involves 3 sets of variables
• Location where on the blot subjects saw what
  they saw
• Content what subjects report seeing, and
• Determinants what made subjects report what
  they say.
• form,
• shading, and
• color.

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• The first of the ten cards in the Rorschach
  inkblot test. It has been reported that popular
  responses include bat, badge and coat of arms.