Impact of development on the quality of Environment

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Impact of development on the quality of
Environment
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Impact of development

• Industrialization
• Air Pollution
• Water Pollution
• Thermal Pollution
• Noise Pollution

• Urbanization
• Cities as an Ecosystem
• Natural environment
• Lithologic Env.
• Atmospheric Env.
• Hydrologic Env.
• Biologic Env.

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Cities as an Ecosystem

• Biotic components
• Man and selected living organisms
• Abiotic components
• Urban environment

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Cities as an Ecosystem

• Urbanization involve the modification of the
  environment or/and the impact of the environment
• The physical environment may influence the form,
  functions and growth of the city.
• A change in either the urban environment or the
  urban man will affect the other component of the
  urban ecosystem.

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Cities as an Ecosystem

• It is an Open system
• Cannot self-contained
• Cannot function in isolation from the other parts
  of the world
• Depends on external food supply and investment
• The change of it will affect the region, the
  country and the rest of the world

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Impact on the lithologic Env.

• Landslide from cleaning or building on unstable
  slope
• Ground subsidence
• Presence of heavy structural loads
• Pumping underground water

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Impact on the Lithologic Env.

• Impact of the soil
• Covered by metropolitan structures (cement)
• Mineral materials excavated from the earth for
  construction demands
• Soil erosion and sedimentation
• Contamination of soil

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Impact on the lithologic Env.

• Change in relief
• Remolding of the land by cutting and filling
• Disposal of waste
• Refuse dump
• Dust deposition from settlement

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Impact on the atmospheric Env.
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Impact on the atmospheric Env.

• City Climate
• Temperature ? (Heat Island)
• Visibility ?
• Humidity ?
• Precipitation ?
• Wind speed ? and
• direction change

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Visibility
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Humidity

• Humidity is lower for following reasons
• higher temperature
• Waterproof surface
• Less water is available for evaporation

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Precipitation

• Precipitation increase

Higher temperature intensifies the thermal
convection
? adiabatic cooling
?condensation
? formation of cloud
Urban atmosphere contains large amount of
condensation nuclei.
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Wind speed Direction

• Three features
• Wind speed will be reduced for rough surface of
  the city
• Turbulence may be created in cities.
• Air circulation system will be induced by the
  heat island

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Wind speed Direction
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Impact on the Hydrologic Env.

• Change in runoff
• Surface impervious
• Lack of vegetation
• Lower infiltration capacity
• Increase overland flow

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Impact on the Hydrologic Env.

• Increase the magnitude and frequency of flood

Before and after urbanization
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Impact on the Hydrologic Env.

• Reasons
• Increase surface runoff.
• Rapid erosion cause to reduce rivers capacity.
• Straighten the channel will shorten the flow
  concentration period.

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Impact on the Hydrologic Env.

• Harmful Effects
• Degrading water quality
• Increase in dissolved mineral contents
• Decrease in oxygen (eutrophication)
• Water shortage
• Contamination of water
• Salt water intrusion
• Changes in the temperature of water

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Impact on the Biologic Env.

• Wild life is rare
• Increase in domestic pest
• Subtracts and adds various type of plants

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Pollution

• Definition
• Directly or indirectly through mans activities
  into the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and
  biosphere of infusions of matter and energy at
  levels of quantity or intensity appreciably
  higher than natural levels and usually with
  undesirable or harmful effects upon environments.

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Air Pollution

• Pollutants
• Primary Pollutants Substances directly produced
  by a natural process or human activities.
• Secondary Pollutants They form in the air when
  primary pollutants react or interact with other
  matters.

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Air Pollution

• Pollutants
• Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)
• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
• Carbon Monoxide, Carbon dioxide (CO,CO2)
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx - NO, NO2)
• Ozone (O3) Secondary Pollutant

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Air Pollution

• Harmful health effects
• Eyes irritation
• Respiratory system illness
• Reduces oxygen transport in body and causing
  headaches, dizziness and nausea
• Impair brain function
• Lung cancer

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Air Pollution

• Other harmful effects (Acid Rain)
• Degradation of property (devalue)
• Property damage
• Corrosion of antiques
• Harmful effect of tissues
• Reproductive abnormalities of aquatic life

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Air Pollution

• Acid Rain (Acid Precipitation)

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Air Pollution Control

• Planning, segregation of industrial and
  residential land use
• Using low sulphur content fuel
• Use device to control pollutants emission
  (filters, electrostatic precipitators, improved
  combustion efficiency)
• Setup air quality standard
• Legislation and Inspection
• Setup Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Setup smoke control area

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Water Pollution

• Definition
• Its composition or state is directly or
  indirectly modified by human activities on a an
  extent such that it is less suitable for purposes
  it could have served in its natural state.

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Water Pollution

• Types of Pollutants
• Direct Toxicity soluble metal, radio-active
  substances..
• Oxygen demand Eutrophication
• Indirect harm Heat, suspended matters.
• Disease organisms bacteria, pathogens.

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Water Pollution

• Sources of pollutants
• Industrial waste heavy metals, toxic matters,
  heat, radio-active substances.
• Domestic waste domestic sewage
• Farming waste pig and poultry waste.
• Oil oil spillage, oil leakage..
• Others civil works, construction.

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Water Pollution

• Effects of water pollution
• Eutrophication -gt upsetting balance of the the
  natural ecosystem
• Killing aquatic life
• Impaired recreational sites
• Harm for farming
• Shortage of fresh water supply

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Water Pollution

• Solutions
• Remove sludge
• Collecting farming waste
• Constructing new sewage treatment plants
• Use incinerators to treat domestic waste
• Use new technology in industrial production
• Central waste collection and recycling
• Legislation
• Education

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Thermal Pollution

• Power plants and some manufacturing processes use
  large amounts of water for cooling.
• Heat water flows in the natural water bodies such
  as lakes, river, sea

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Thermal Pollution

• Effects of thermal pollution of water
• Reduction of dissolved oxygen (DO) Oxygen is
  hard to be dissolved over 30oC
• Disturb the timing of fish hatch
• Kill aquatic life most fish cannot survive in
  water over 30oC and almost no aquatic organisms
  can survive above 50oC

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Thermal Pollution

• Effects of thermal pollution of atmos.
• Change urban micro-climate
• Enhance the heat island effect

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Noise Pollution

• Definition Unwanted sound

You dont want but I want!
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Noise Pollution

• Sources
• Aircraft taking off and landing
• Traffic moving and horns.
• Construction compressors, excavators
• Domestic air-conditioners, Hi-Fi, recreational
  activities..
• Industrial machines running..

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Noise Pollution

• Effects of Noise
• Interfere with sleep
• Irreversible effects to nervous system
• Temporary or permanent deafness
• Brain damage / mental illness

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Noise Pollution

• Solutions
• Planning separate industrial zone and airport
  with residential zone
• Use new technology in production
• Legislation
• Restrict taking off and landing period of
  aircraft
• Restrict noise from 11pm to 6am in residential
  areas
• Restrict construction period
• Imposition of speed limits and setup no horns
  areas
• Noise industries must setup protection devices
  eg. Wearing special helmets
• Education

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The End