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Fire Hose Nozzles & Flow Rates

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Fire Hose Nozzles & Flow Rates Sugar Land Fire Department Driver/Operator Pumper Academy Spring 2003 Fire Nozzles & Flow Rates Factors Influencing Fire Streams ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Fire Hose Nozzles & Flow Rates


1
Fire Hose Nozzles Flow Rates
  • Sugar Land Fire Department
  • Driver/OperatorPumper Academy
  • Spring 2003

2
Fire Nozzles Flow Rates
3
Factors Influencing Fire Streams
  • Velocity
  • Gravity
  • Wind
  • Friction with the air
  • Operating pressures
  • Nozzle design
  • Nozzle adjustment
  • Condition of nozzle orifice

4
Stream Types
  • Solid stream
  • Fog stream
  • Broken stream
  • Master stream

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Fog Stream Nozzles
  • Angle of deflection determines reduction in
    forward velocity and stream pattern
  • Wide-angle deflection produces a wide-angle fog,
    and a narrow-angle deflection produces a
    narrow-angle fog
  • May be produced by deflection at the periphery or
    by impinging jets of water or by a combination of
    these

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Fog Stream Nozzles
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  • PeripheryThe line bounding a rounded surface
    the outward boundary of an object distinguished
    from its internal regions
  • DeflectionA turning or state of being turned a
    turning from a straight line or given course a
    bending a deviation
  • ImpingeTo strike or dash about or against
    clashing with a sharp collision to come together
    with force.

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Manually Adjustable Nozzles
  • Have a number of constant flow settings
  • Supply the selected flow at the rated nozzle
    discharge pressure
  • Actual flow may differ from that indicated at the
    nozzle if the driver/.operator is unable to
    supply the proper pressure
  • Most designed to supply the gallonage marked on
    each setting

14
Manually Adjustable Nozzles
  • Driver/operator must know flow at which nozzle is
    set in order to properly supply hoseline and
    nozzle.
  • Nozzles set on a low flow may not provide proper
    amount of water to sufficiently cool a burning
    fuel

15
Automatic Nozzles
  • Are also referred to as constant pressure nozzles
  • Are basically variable flow nozzles with
    pattern-change capabilities and the ability to
    maintain the same nozzle pressure
  • Maintain approximately same nozzle pressure an
    pattern when gallonage supplied to nozzle changes

16
Automatic Nozzles
  • Require adequate pump discharge pressure because
    stream may look good, but may not be supplying
    sufficient water for extinguishment or
    protection.
  • Most designed for a 100 psi discharge pressure
  • Are commonly used in high-rise fire fighting
  • Acceptable flow varies with hoseline size, nozzle
    design, and incident demand

17
Automatic Nozzles
  • Serve as a pressure regulatorwithin their flow
    limitsfor the pumper as lines are added or shut
    down, allowing all available water to be used
    continuously if desired.
  • Maintain a constant nozzle pressure no matter how
    much the pump discharge pressure is above this
    figure

18
High Pressure Fog Nozzles
  • Operate at pressure up to 800 psi
  • Develop a fog stream with considerable forward
    velocity but delver a relatively low volume of
    water
  • Deliver water in a very fast-moving, fine spray
    and may use an impinging stream
  • Are best used for fighting wildland fires
  • Not recommended for structural firefighting
    because they generally flow only about 8-15gpm

19
Handline Nozzles
  • Designed to be placed on mobile attack lines that
    can be easily maneuvered by firefighters
  • May be of solid, fog, or broken stream type
  • Range in size from small booster line nozzles for
    ¾ booster hose, to large fog or solid stream
    nozzles designed to be placed on 3 hoseline
  • Generally, can flow a maximum of 350 gpm

20
Master Stream Nozzles
  • Are powerful and generate a considerable amount
    of nozzle reaction force
  • May be either solid or fog streams
  • Are usually operated at 80 psi for solid streams
  • Are usually operated at 100 psi for fog streams
  • Are used when handlines would be ineffective,
    conditions are unsafe, or when manpower is limited

21
Master Stream Nozzles
  • Deliver large volumes of water and have a greater
    reach than handheld streams
  • Are used from fixed positions, so most of them
    have some means for moving the stream in either a
    vertical or horizontal plane or both.

22
Master Stream Devices
  • Monitor
  • Often incorrectly referred to as deluge sets, but
    unlike deluge sets, the stream direction and
    angle can be changed while water is being
    discharged.
  • May be one of three basic types
  • FixedPermanently mounted on apparatus
  • CombinationMay be mounted on apparatus and used
    as a turret or removed and used as a portable
    unit
  • PortableCan be carried to the location where it
    is needed

23
Master Stream Devices
  • Turret Pipe
  • Consists of a turret pipe mounted on a fire
    apparatus deck and connected directly to the pump
    by permanent pipe.
  • Sometimes called a deck gun or deck pip
  • Deluge set
  • Consists of a short length of large diameter hose
    with a large nozzle or large playpipe supported
    at the discharge end by a tripod

24
Master Stream Devices
  • Has a siamese connection at the supply end
  • Cannot change the direction or angle of the
    stream while the deluge set is discharging water
  • Aerial Elevated Master Streams
  • Ladder Pipea master stream device used in
    conjunction with master streams
  • Detachable ladder pipes most common on light-duty
    aerial ladders
  • Are attached to the rungs of an aerial ladder and
    are supplied by fire hose

25
Master Stream Devices
  • Must be operated manually by a firefighter at the
    tip of the ladder or by using a rope from the
    ground
  • Are limited to vertical up and down motions
  • May be permanently attached to elevating
    platforms and prepiped aerial ladders
  • Prepiped waterwaypermanent piping used instead
    of hose
  • Generally have the ladder pipe attached to end of
    the waterway, which is on the bottom of ladder
  • May be operated from the top, either manually or
    by a power control switch located there

26
Master Stream Devices
  • Usually can also be operated from the turntable
    or pump panel area by remote power controls
  • May operate master stream by electric, hydraulic,
    or pneumatic power system
  • Elevating Platform Master Streams
  • Are basically similar to those with prepiped
    aerial ladders
  • Are located on aerial platform and can be more
    easily maneuvered by firefighters at tip of
    aerial device than can aerial master streams
  • Some equipped with two master streams on one
    platform

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28
Water Curtain Nozzles
  • Produce a fan-shaped stream designed to act as a
    water barrier between a fire and a combustible
    material
  • May be used to protect firefighters from heat but
    must cover a wide area and be reasonably heavy to
    be effective
  • Absorb only convected heat from a fire radiant
    heat is transmitted through the water curtain.

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31
Nozzle Pressure Reaction
  • Nozzle Reactionforce counter to the velocity of
    water being discharged from a nozzle directed
    against the person or device holding the nozzle
  • Newtons Third Law of MotionFor every action
    there is an equal and opposite reaction
  • The greater the nozzle discharge pressure, the
    greater the resulting nozzle reaction.

32
Nozzle Pressure Reaction
  • Nozzle reaction to a given pressure limits the
    amount of nozzle pressure that can be supplied to
    an attack line.
  • Practical working limits for velocity of fire
    streams are within 60 to 120 feet per second
  • These limiting velocities are produced by nozzle
    pressures that range from 25 to 100 psi
  • Because of a greater amount of nozzle reaction,
    lower nozzle pressures must be used with solid
    stream nozzles.

33
Nozzle Pressure Reaction
  • As a rule, use 50 psi with solid stream
    handlines, and no more than 65 psi if greater
    reach and volume are needed
  • Portable master stream devices equipped with
    solid stream nozzles should not be operated above
    80 psi
  • Fixed master stream devices with solid stream
    nozzles may be operated at higher pressures as
    required
  • Solid stream nozzles used on aerial devices
    should be limited to a discharge pressure of 80
    psi
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