The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution

• -Key Concepts-

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I. The Other Half of the Dual Revolution

• A revolution recognized by 1820
• Changes occurred rather suddenly
• Changes in the workplace
• In 1860, Britain produced 20 of the entire
  worlds output of industrial goods
• Two caveats
• --scope of the revolution
• --impact of the revolution

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II. The Essential Nature of the Industrial
Revolution

• Dates vary according to nation
• 18th century origins
• --expanding Atlantic economy
• --flourishing English agriculture
• --effective central bank and credit system
• --stable and predictable government
• --mobile rural wage earners

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II. The Essential Nature of the Industrial
Revolution (cont)

• Fundamental nature adaptation and change
• Continuous nature of adaptationa permanent
  revolution
• Impact of the industrial revolution
• Beginnings in Great Britain
• Pre-industrial cottage industry

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III. A Case Study Cotton Manufacturing in
Manchester

• Great location
• By-product of overseas trade
• --1 million bags of cotton imported into
  Liverpool in 1825
• Tremendous opportunity
• New Technology

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James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny (1765)
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Richard Arkwrights Water Frame (1769)
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James Watts Steam Engine (1790s)
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Significance of the Steam Engine

• Requires a specialized facility for its use near
  a ready source of coal
• Changed the location of factories, freeing the
  factory to be located in the most economical
  location

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IV. Economic Explosion Mixed with Fear

• Availability of cotton clothing to all
• Temporary bottleneck means higher wages for
  British weavers
• --Edmund Cartwrights power loom (1785)
• The cityscape of Manchester was dramatically
  transformed by 1800
• New machines and factories were both fascinating
  and horrifying

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The Crowning Invention The Railroad

• The worlds first railway line ran from
  Manchester to Liverpool
• The first locomotive The Rocket (1830)
• Revolution in land transportation dropping
  prices
• Laborers shift to the city and factories
• Cultural changes produced
• A feedback mechanism

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VI. The Invention of a Free Market

• Transportation advances broke down traditional
  local markets
• Significance of economic freedom
• --abolition of the Corn Laws in 1846
• A free market in labor
• The main goal profit
• Praise for the free market
• Criticism A sense of destruction and alienation

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VII. The Industrial Revolution on the Continent

• Industrialize in a different pattern than Britain
• Later industrialization as you move east
• Entered industrialization at an advanced stage
• Railroads and banks were instrumental
• State-managed capitalism
• --Friedrich Lists Zollverein

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VII. Continental Industrialization (cont)

• Delayed industrialization was more explosive
• Process of industrialization is far from
  automatic
• --Competition from cheap British goods
• --Complicated technology
• --Expensive technology
• --Shortage of laborers
• --Authorities suspicious at first

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VIII. The New Working Class

• Who were they?
• A group with genuine hesitation
• --initial reluctance
• --incomplete conversion
• The significance of kinship ties
• Slow evolution in some kinds of manufacturing
  employment

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VIII. The New Working Class (cont)

• Early attempts to organize workers
• --Combination Acts, 1799
• --1834 attempt at a national labor union by
  Robert Owen
• --Chartist movement, 1830s and 1840s

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VIII. The New Working Class (cont)

• Working conditions
• --long hours
• --unbroken routine
• -- Separate Spheres for married and single
  women
• Labor Discipline
• --fines
• --low wages
• --Thomas Malthus
• --David Ricardo and the Iron Law of Wages

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VIII. The New Working Class (cont)

• Bells
• Speed up and stretch out
• Employment of women and children
• Subcontracting
• Subjected to real danger
• The notion of hands

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IX. Living Conditions in New Factory Cities

• The symbolism of the East End
• Enormous population shifts
• Problems of disease, alcoholism and crime
• Occupied row houses near factories
• No rise in real wages until after 1850
• Middle-class reform efforts
• --leads to vote for women

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X. A Divided City

• West End winners of the industrial revolution
• East End losers of the industrial revolution
• Urban geography displayed the extremes of
  industrial capitalism

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XI. Symbol of Industrial Success The Crystal
Palace

• The Great London Exhibition of 1851
• Intended to show off the industrial might of
  Great Britain
• The need for a special building to house the
  exhibition
• --Joseph Paxton
• Construction problems light and speed
• The answer a machine building

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XI. The Crystal Palace (cont)

• Softening the industrial design
• The popularity of the exhibition
• A variety of exhibits
• --Grandest spectacle was the Machinery Court
• The significance of period revivalism used for
  the exhibits

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XI. The Crystal Palace (cont)

• The Crystal Palace as a vision of the futurea
  haunting modern dream
• Its transparency symbolized a sense of
  limitlessnessno boundaries
• Became the basis for modern architecture
• Ambivalence for a controlled, orderly world