Steam Power &

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Steam Power The Industrial Revolution
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18th Century Timeline, 1700 - 1799

• The Technology, Science and Inventions

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Introduction

• The 18th century (also referred to as the 1700s)
  began the first Industrial Revolution. Modern
  manufacturing began with steam engines replacing
  animal labor. The 18th century saw the widespread
  replacement of manual labor by new inventions and
  machinery.
• The 18th century was also part of the "The Age of
  Enlightenment", an historical period
  characterized by a change away from traditional
  religious sources of authority, and a move
  towards science and rational thought.

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Introduction

• The effects of the 18th century Enlightenment led
  to the American Revolutionary War and the French
  Revolution. The 18th century saw the spread of
  capitalism and the increased availability of
  printed materials.

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Industrial Revolution Timeline of Textile
Machinery

• Several inventions in textile machinery occurred
  in a relatively short time period during the
  Industrial Revolution.

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Timeline of Textile Machinery

• 1733 Flying shuttle invented by John Kay - an
  improvement to looms that enabled weavers to
  weave faster.
• 1742 Cotton mills were first opened in England.
• 1764 Spinning jenny invented by James Hargreaves
  - the first machine to improve upon the spinning
  wheel.
• 1764 Water frame invented by Richard Arkwright -
  the first powered textile machine.

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Timeline of Textile Machinery

• 1769 Arkwright patented the water frame.
• 1770 Hargreaves patented the Spinning Jenny.
• 1773 The first all-cotton textiles were produced
  in factories.
• 1779 Crompton invented the spinning mule that
  allowed for greater control over the weaving
  process.
• 1785 Cartwright patented the power loom. It was
  improved upon by William Horrocks, known for his
  invention of the variable speed batton in 1813.

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Timeline of Textile Machinery

• 1787 Cotton goods production had increased 10
  fold since 1770.
• 1789 Samuel Slater brought textile machinery
  design to the US.
• 1790 Arkwright built the first steam powered
  textile factory in Nottingham, England.
• 1792 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin - a
  machine that automated the separation of
  cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber.

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Timeline of Textile Machinery

• 1804 Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquard
  Loom that weaved complex designs. Jacquard
  invented a way of automatically controlling the
  warp and weft threads on a silk loom by recording
  patterns of holes in a string of cards.
• 1813 William Horrocks invented the variable speed
  batton (for an improved power loom).
• 1856 William Perkin invented the first synthetic
  dye.

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1712 - Newcomen Steam Engine and the Industrial
Revolution

• In 1712, Thomas Newcomen, together with John
  Calley built their first steam engine on top of a
  water-filled mine shaft and used it to pump water
  out of the mine. The Newcomen steam engine was
  the predecessor to the Watt steam engine and it
  was one of the most interesting pieces of
  technology developed during the 1700s. The
  invention of engines, the first being steam
  engines, was very important to the Industrial
  Revolution.

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Newcomen Steam Engine
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1733 - Flying Shuttle, Automation of Textile
Making The Industrial Revolution

• In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle, an
  improvement to looms that enabled weavers to
  weave faster.
• By using a flying shuttle, a single weaver could
  produce a wide piece of cloth. The original
  shuttle contained a bobbin on to which the weft
  (weaving term for the crossways yarn) yarn was
  wound. It was normally pushed from one side of
  the warp (weaving term for the the series of
  yarns that extended lengthways in a loom) to the
  other side by hand. Before the flying shuttle
  wide looms needed two or more weavers to throw
  the shuttle.

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• The automation of making textiles (fabrics,
  clothing, etc.) marked the beginning of the
  Industrial Revolution.

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Flying Shuttle
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1764 - Increased Yarn and Thread Production
During Industrial Revolution

• In 1764, a British carpenter and weaver named
  James Hargreaves invented an improved spinning
  jenny, a hand-powered multiple spinning machine
  that was the first machine to improve upon the
  spinning wheel by making it possible to spin more
  than one ball of yarn or thread. Spinner machines
  like the spinning wheel and the spinning jenny
  made the threads and yarns used by weavers in
  their looms. As weaving looms became faster,
  inventors had to find ways for spinners to keep
  up.

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Spinning Jenny
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1769 - James Watt's Improved Steam Engine Powers
the Industrial Revolution

• James Watt was sent a Newcomen steam engine to
  repair that led him to invent improvements for
  steam engines.
• Steam engines were now true reciprocating engines
  and not atmospheric engines. Watt added a crank
  and flywheel to his engine so that it could
  provide rotary motion. Watt's steam engine
  machine was four times more powerful than those
  engines based on Thomas Newcomen's steam engine
  design.

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Steam Engine Designs of James Watt
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Steam Engine Designs of James Watt
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Steam Engine Designs of James Watt
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1769 - Spinning Frame or Water Frame

• Richard Arkwright patented the spinning frame or
  water frame that could produce stronger threads
  for yarns. The first models were powered by
  waterwheels so the device came to be first known
  as the water frame.
• It was the first powered, automatic and
  continuous textile machine and it enabled the
  move away from small home manufacturing towards
  factory production of textiles. The water frame
  was also the first machine that could spin cotton
  threads.

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Spinning Frame or Water Frame
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1779 - Spinning Mule Increased Variety in Threads
and Yarns

• In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the spinning
  mule that combined the moving carriage of the
  spinning jenny with the rollers of the water
  frame.
• The spinning mule gave the spinner great control
  over the weaving process. Spinners could now make
  many different types of yarn. Finer cloths could
  now be made.

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Spinning Mule
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1785 - Power Loom's Effect on the Women of the
Industrial Revolution

• The power loom was a steam-powered, mechanically
  operated version of a regular loom. A loom is a
  device that combines threads to make cloth.
• When the power loom became efficient, women
  replaced most men as weavers in the textile
  factories.

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Power Loom
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1830 - Practical Sewing Machines Ready Made
Clothing

• After the sewing machine was invented, the
  ready-made clothing industry took off. Before
  sewing machines, nearly all clothing was local
  and hand-sewn.
• The first functional sewing machine was invented
  by the French tailor, Barthelemy Thimonnier, in
  1830.
• About 1831, George Opdyke was one of the first
  American merchants to begin the small-scale
  manufacture of ready-made clothing. But it was
  not until after the power-driven sewing machine
  was invented that factory production of clothes
  on a large scale occurred.

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Practical Sewing Machines Ready Made Clothing
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The History of Steam Engines

• Thomas Savery
• Thomas Newcomen
• James Watt

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Thomas Savery (1650-1715)

• Thomas Savery was an English military engineer
  and inventor who in 1698, patented the first
  crude steam engine, based on Denis Papin's
  Digester or pressure cooker of 1679.
• Thomas Savery had been working on solving the
  problem of pumping water out of coal mines. His
  machine consisted of a closed vessel filled with
  water into which steam under pressure was
  introduced. This forced the water upwards and out
  of the mine shaft. Then a cold water sprinkler
  was used to condense the steam. This created a
  vacuum which sucked more water out of the mine
  shaft through a bottom valve.

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Thomas Savery

• Thomas Savery later worked with Thomas Newcomen
  on the atmospheric steam engine. Among Savery's
  other inventions was an odometer for ships, a
  device that measured distance traveled.

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Illustration of Thomas Savery's Engine circa 1698
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Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729)

• Thomas Newcomen was an English blacksmith who
  invented the atmospheric steam engine, an
  improvement over Thomas Slavery's previous
  design.
• The Newcomen steam engine used the force of
  atmospheric pressure to do the work. Thomas
  Newcomen's engine pumped steam into a cylinder.
  The steam was then condensed by cold water, which
  created a vacuum on the inside of the cylinder.
  The resulting atmospheric pressure operated a
  piston, creating downward strokes. In Newcomen's
  engine the intensity of pressure was not limited
  by the pressure of the steam, unlike what Thomas
  Savery had patented in 1698.

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Thomas Newcomen

• In 1712, Thomas Newcomen, together with John
  Calley built their first engine on top of a
  water-filled mine shaft and used it to pump water
  out of the mine. The Newcomen engine was the
  predecessor to the Watt engine and it was one of
  the most interesting pieces of technology
  developed during the 1700s.

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Thomas Newcomens Engine
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James Watt (1736-1819)

• James Watt was a Scottish inventor and mechanical
  engineer, born in Greenock, who was renowned for
  his improvements of the steam engine. In 1765,
  James Watt, while working for the University of
  Glasgow was assigned the task of repairing a
  Newcomen engine, which was deemed inefficient but
  the best steam engine of its time. That started
  the inventor to work on several improvements to
  Newcomen's design.

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James Watt

• Most notable was Watt's 1769 patent for a
  separate condenser connected to a cylinder by a
  valve. Unlike Newcomen's engine, Watt's design
  had a condenser that could be cool while the
  cylinder was hot. Watt's engine soon became the
  dominant design for all modern steam engines and
  helped bring about the Industrial Revolution.
• A unit of power called the Watt was named after
  James Watt. The Watt symbol is W, and it is equal
  to 1/746 of a horsepower, or one Volt times one
  Amp.

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Engraving of James Watt
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Progress of the Atmospheric Steam Engine

• The atmospheric engine, as first designed, had a
  slow process of condensation by the application
  of the condensing water to the exterior of the
  cylinder. Producing the vacuum caused the strokes
  of the engine to take place at very long
  intervals.
• More improvements were made which immensely
  increased the rapidity of condensation. Thomas
  Newcomen's first engine produced 6 or 8 strokes a
  minute and he improved that to 10 or 12 strokes.

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Atmospheric Steam Engine

• In the following diagram, the steam was generated
  in the boiler A. The piston P moved in a cylinder
  B. When the valve V was opened, the steam pushed
  up the piston. At the top of the stroke, the
  valve was closed, the valve V' was opened, and a
  jet of cold water from the tank C was injected
  into the cylinder, thus condensing the steam and
  reducing the pressure under the piston. The
  atmospheric pressure above then pushed the piston
  down again.

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Atmospheric Steam Engine
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Newcomen Atmospheric Steam Engine
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Steam Engine Nomenclature

• A labeled schematic diagram of a typical single
  cylinder, simple expansion, double-acting high
  pressure steam engine. Power takeoff from the
  engine is by way of a belt.
• 1 - Piston2 - Piston rod3 - Crosshead
  bearing4 - Connecting rod5 Crank6 -
  Eccentric valve motion7 - Flywheel8 - Sliding
  valve9 - Centrifugal governor.

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Steam Engine Nomenclature
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How Steam Engines Work
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How Steam Engines Work

• A steam engine is a device that converts the
  potential energy that exists as pressure in
  steam, and converts that to mechanical force.
  Early examples were the steam locomotive trains
  and steamships that relied on these steam engines
  for movement. The Industrial Revolution came
  about primarily because of the steam engine. The
  thirty seconds or so required to develop pressure
  made steam less favored for automobiles, which
  are generally powered by internal combustion
  engines.

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How Steam Engines Work

• The first steam device was invented by Hero of
  Alexandria, a Greek, before 300BC, but never
  utilized as anything other than a toy. While
  designs had been created by varous people in the
  meanwhile, the first practical steam engine was
  patented by James Watt, a Scottish inventor, in
  1769. Steam engines are of various types but most
  are reciprocal piston or turbine devices.

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How Steam Engines Work

• The strength of the steam engine for modern
  purposes is in its ability to convert raw heat
  into mechanical work. Unlike the internal
  combustion engine, the steam engine is not
  particular about the source of heat. Since the
  oxygen for combustion is unmetered, steam engines
  burn fuel cleanly and efficiently, with
  relatively little pollution.

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How Steam Engines Work

• One source of inefficiency is that the condenser
  causes losses by being somewhat hotter than the
  outside world. Thus any closed-cycle engine will
  always be somewhat less efficient than any
  open-cycle engine, because of condenser losses.

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How Steam Engines Work

• Most notably, without the use of a steam engine
  nuclear energy could not be harnessed for useful
  work, as a nuclear reactor does not directly
  generate either mechanical work or electrical
  energy - the reactor itself does nothing but sit
  there and get hot. It is the steam engine which
  converts that heat into useful work.

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Steam Engine Operation

• The following diagram shows the major components
  of a piston steam engine. This sort of engine
  would be typical in a steam locomotive.
• The engine shown is a double-acting steam engine
  because the valve allows high-pressure steam to
  act alternately on both faces of the piston.

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Steam Engine Operation
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Steam Engine Operation

• You can see that the slide valve is in charge of
  letting the high-pressure steam into either side
  of the cylinder. The control rod for the valve is
  usually hooked into a linkage attached to the
  cross-head, so that the motion of the cross-head
  slides the valve as well.
• The following animation shows the engine in
  action.

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Steam Engine Operation

• Go to the following website for animated steam
  engine
• http//science.howstuffworks.com/steam1.htm

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Boilers

• The high-pressure steam for a steam engine comes
  from a boiler. The boiler's job is to apply heat
  to water to create steam. There are two
  approaches fire tube and water tube.
• A fire-tube boiler was more common in the 1800s.
  It consists of a tank of water perforated with
  pipes. The hot gases from a coal or wood fire run
  through the pipes to heat the water in the tank,
  as shown here

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Fire-tube Boiler
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Boilers

• In a fire-tube boiler, the entire tank is under
  pressure, so if the tank bursts it creates a
  major explosion.
• More common today are water-tube boilers, in
  which water runs through a rack of tubes that are
  positioned in the hot gases from the fire. The
  following simplified diagram shows you a typical
  layout for a water-tube boiler

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Water-tube Boiler
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Boilers

• In a real boiler, things would be much more
  complicated because the goal of the boiler is to
  extract every possible bit of heat from the
  burning fuel to improve efficiency.

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Conclusion

• Early steam engines had limited application
  because of design limitations.
• The first applications were in mines for
  ventilation and pumping out water.
• As time passed improvements in steam engine
  design opened up new possibilities for steam
  engine applications.
• Britains textile industry was the first to be
  mechanized by steam engines.

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Conclusion

• As steam engines were applied to new applications
  more design improvements were made.
• This increased productivity greatly.
• Steam engines were then applied to railways and
  steamships.
• Because Britain industrialized first it became
  the strongest world power, despite its size as a
  tiny island nation.
• The Industrial Revolution spread and other
  countries eventually overtook Britain in
  industrial capacity.