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Conflicts in the Middle East

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• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Regional Issues
• Map Creation of Israel
• The Arab-Israeli Conflict
• Faces of History Golda Meir

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Conflicts in the Middle East

• Preview, continued
• Revolution in Iran
• Conflict in Iraq
• Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
• Video The Impact of Oil

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Conflicts in the Middle East
Main Idea Regional issues in the Middle East have
led to conflicts between Israel and its neighbors
and to conflicts in and between Iran and Iraq.

• Reading Focus
• How have regional issues contributed to conflicts
  in the Middle East?
• What were some key events in the Arab-Israeli
  conflict?
• What caused a revolution in Iran?
• How have conflicts in Iraq affected that country?

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Regional Issues
Over the last few decades, major conflicts have
erupted in the Middle East. Issues that have
contributed to the conflicts include the presence
of huge oil reserves, the growth of Islamism, and
the conflict between Israel and its neighbors.
However, oil has also been a source of conflict.
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Importance of Oil

• Oil as source of conflict in Middle East
• Some governments have used oil revenues to build
  up military, maintain power, threaten neighbors
• Oil wealth has caused internal clashes within
  countries, societies
• Regions strategic importance as source of oil
  has led outside nations to become involved in
  Middle Eastern affairs, politics

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Growth of Islamism
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• Conflicts with Israel
• 1948, Israel established since then most Middle
  Eastern countries have refused to recognize its
  right to exist
• Some countries have repeatedly attacked Israel,
  funded militant groups that conduct raids,
  terrorist attacks against Israelis

• Expansion of Israel
• Series of wars between Israel, neighbors has led
  to expansion of Israel
• Israel controls more land now than in 1948 when
  created
• Result many Palestinian Arabs live under Israeli
  control another source of tension, conflict in
  region

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Summarize What regional issues have led to
conflicts in the Middle East?
Answer(s) use of oil revenues growth of
Islamism conflicts with Israel
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The Arab-Israeli Conflict
The Arab-Israeli conflict that began in 1948 has
continued through the years. In 1967 and again in
1973, war erupted. Six years after the 1973 war,
Egypt and Israel singed a peace agreement, but
unrest among Palestinian Arabs in Israel remained
a major problem.
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Egypt Strikes Back

• Yom Kippur War
• Egypt, Syria determined to win territory back,
  launched Yom Kippur War, surprise attack against
  Israel in 1973
• Took name from Jewish holy day when attack began

• U.S. Support
• At first Arab troops made gains in war Israelis
  government, led by Golda Meir, not fully prepared
  for attack needed military support from U.S.
• With support, Israeli forces regrouped, pushed
  back Egyptian, Syrian armies

• Oil Embargo
• Both sides agreed to cease-fire after weeks of
  fighting
• During war, Arab members of OPEC declared oil
  embargo against countries supporting Israel
• Price of oil around world rose dramatically as
  result of refusal to sell oil

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A Peace Agreement
Until the late 1970s, no Arab nation had
recognized Israels right to exist.
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Palestinian Unrest

• Egypt, Israel made peace Palestinian Arabs
  continued struggle for nationhood
• 1947 UN partition plan had called for two states
  in Palestinea Jewish state, an Arab state
• After 1948 Arab-Israeli war, land set aside for
  Arab state occupied by Israel, Egypt, Jordan

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Tenuous Peace

• Intifada
• Palestinian youths battled Israeli troops in
  widespread street violence
• Israel responded with military, police
  resistance fighting continued to 1990s
• 1993, Arafat, Israeli prime minister Yitzhak
  Rabin negotiated Oslo Accords

• Oslo Accords
• Oslo Accords called for Palestinians to gradually
  gain control over governing West Bank, Gaza
• Israel, PLO supposed to sign permanent peace
  agreement by 1998

• Undermining Peace
• Extremists on both sides worked to undermine
  peace process
• Militant group Hamas launched suicide bombings in
  Israel
• 1995, Rabin assassinated relations between
  Israeli, Palestinian leadership soured

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Continuing the Conflict

• 2000second intifada began
• Palestinian youths joined by Palestinian security
  forces with guns
• Hamas sent suicide bombers into Israel to attack
  civilians

Armed conflict also erupted when Israeli soldiers
were kidnapped along borders with Gaza and
Lebanon. Israel launched air strikes to secure
its borders.
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Sequence Describe the sequence of events in the
Arab-Israeli conflict.
Answer(s) 1967 Six-Day War 1973 Yom Kippur
War 1978 Camp David Accords 1987 intifada
1993 Oslo Accords 2000 second intifada 2005
Israel withdraws from Gaza
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Revolution in Iran

• Different Kind of Conflict
• Different kind of conflict erupted in Iran
• Revolution ousted shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

• Westernization of Iran
• Shah had close ties with Western governments, oil
  companies
• Iran westernized, foreign influence grew

• Society Changed
• By 1970s, Iran had changed from traditional rural
  society
• Had become more industrialized, urban society

• Islamists Opposed Shah
• Many Iranians felt threatened by rapid change,
  others felt betrayed by corrupt government
• Islamists opposed shah because of ties to West

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Rise of Khomeini

• 1978, Iranians began to protest against shahs
  rule
• Protests inspired by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini,
  Shia religious leader
• 1979, unable to calm unrest, shah fled Iran
• Iran became Islamic republic with Khomeini as
  leader, during Iranian Revolution

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Khomeinis Reign
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Sequence What was the sequence of events that
led to the Iranian Revolution?
Answer(s) Protests began against the shah the
shah fled Iran in 1979 Iran became an Islamic
republic with Khomeini as its leader
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Conflict in Iraq
As Irans new government was dealing with the
hostage crisis, it found itself at war with its
neighbor, Iraq.
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• Sanctions
• In effort to end Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, UN
  passed economic sanctions against Iraq sanctions
  failed
• Result U.S.-led coalition launched Persian Gulf
  War
• Attacked Iraqi forces in Kuwait Kuwait freed
  within weeks

• Weapons
• After war, UN continued economic sanctions,
  insisted Iraq destroy chemical, biological
  weapons, agree not to develop nuclear weapons
• Inspectors had been sent to verify Iraqs weapons
  had been destroyed
• Iraq failed to fully cooperate with UN weapons
  inspectors

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The Iraq War

• After attacks of September 11, 2001, some U.S.
  leaders believed Saddam Hussein posed a greater
  threat to America than before
• Hussein might have deadly weapons he could give
  to terrorists

Insurgent attacks by different groups from both
inside and outside Iraq caused a greater number
of casualties.
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Coalition Government

• Meanwhile, coalition worked to create new,
  democratic government in Iraq
• 2004, power transferred to Iraqis
• 2005, Iraqis voted in countrys first multiparty
  election in fifty years
• Later approved new constitution to make Iraq
  Islamic federal democracy
• Continued violence, potential for civil war made
  countrys future highly uncertain

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Infer What are the main problems Iraq has faced
in recent years?
Answer(s) wars, economic sanctions, insurgency,
potential for civil war
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VideoThe Impact of Oil
Click above to play the video.