LI 2023 Nathalie F. Martin

1
Phonetics

• LI 2023 Nathalie F. Martin

2
Introduction Spoken Language

• Language can be spoken, written, manually signed,
  mechanically reproduced and synthesized by
  computer
• Spoken language is the main way humans express
  themselves
• Humans spoke before they wrote
• Reason why linguists start with the study of
  spoken rather than written language

3
Made to Speak
4
Made to Speak

• Lungs to supply air for speech
• Trachea /tre?ki?/ wide pipe
• Vocal cords to produce vibrations for speech
  sounds. Also known as vocal folds
• (found within the larynx /lær??ks/)
• Tongue to articulate vowels and consonants
• Teeth to provide place of articulation
• Lips to articulate vowels and consonants
• Nose to provide nasal resonance during speech

5
Specialization for Language
Organ Survival Speech
Lungs Exchange CO2 for O2 Air flow
Vocal Cords Cover tube to lungs Vibration
Tongue Move food in mouth Articulation
Teeth Chew food Articulation
Lips Seal oral cavity Articulation
Nose Breathing Nasal resonance
6
Sound-Producing System Features

• Segments are produced by coordinating a number of
  individual articulatory gestures including
• Jaw movement
• Lip shape
• Tongue placement

7
Sound-producing System

• Sound is produced when air is set in motion
• Sets of filters modify the sound in various ways
• Pharynx /fær??ks/ (tube between larynx and oral
  cavity)
• Oral cavity
• Nasal cavity

8
Sound-producing system

• Lungs
• Vocal cords
• (or vocal folds)
• Larynx (vocal folds
• are within larynx)
• (the velum is the soft area
• Towards the rear of the roof
• of the mouth)

9
The Tongue

• Primary articulation organ
• It can be
• Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or
  rolled back
• Five areas of the tongue
• Tip, blade, body, back and root

10
Introduction to Phonetics

• Definition
• - Phones segments
• - IPA

11
Thinking Phonetically

• Exercise (p. 53)
• Find four words that show four alternative
  spellings of the sound f
• Find six words that have the letter a
  pronounced differently.
• Find four words in which different groups of
  letters represent only one sound.
• Find two words in which two different sounds are
  pronounced but not spelled out.

12
Phonetics

• Definition
• The study of the inventory and structure of the
  sounds of speech.
• Analyzes the production of all human speech
  sounds,
• Regardless of language.

13
Approaches to Phonetics

• Articulatory phonetics
• Studies the physiological mechanisms of speech
  production
• Acoustic phonetics
• Measuring and analyzing
• the physical properties of
• the sound waves we
• produce when we speak

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BEFORE WE GET STARTED

• Read The Onederful Werld ov Words
• CHALLENGE
• Find words (end/parts of words) that are written
  the same but that sound different.
• Find words (end/parts of words) that are written
  differently but sound alike.

15
Phones

• Definition
• Speech sounds
• Infinite or finite possibilities of sounds?
• Finite
• The possibilities of sounds is limited by the
  vocal tract
• According to one estimate 600 consonants and 200
  vowels

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Units of representation

• Break up the flow of speech into individual
  sounds
• Segments (individual phones or speech sounds)
• Syllables
• Cat
• Class
• Book
• Extra
• Nota
• Some writing systems are phonetic and syllabic

17
International Phonetic Alphabet

• The IPA is a system of transcription
• Represent each sound of human speech with a
  single symbol
• One sound, one symbol
• Important Enclosed in square brackets

18
Explore the IPA

• Go through pronunciation of different sounds
• http//www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/consonants.html
  (cons.)
• http//www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/vowels.html
  (vowels)
• Nota bene Sometimes two phonemes need to be used
  to represent a vowel.
• IPA Chart

19
IPA - Transcription

• Broad transcription
• Uses a relatively simple set of symbols to
  represent contrasting segments but does not show
  all phonetic detail
• Narrow transcription
• Show phonetic detail using an elaborate set of
  symbols
• Here are fonts that you will need to see the IPA
  symbols

20
IPA - Diacritics

• Marks added to a phonetic symbol to alter its
  value in some way
• Example a circle under a symbol to indicate
  voicelessness.
• See your IPA chart
• http//www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/diacritics.html

21
For help with phonetics

• Linking sounds to symbols
• IPA Help, SIL International
• http//www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/index.html
• http//www.sil.org/computing/speechtools/ipahelp.h
  tm
• http//www.cambridgeenglishonline.com/Phonetics_Fo
  cus/ 
• http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics/ 
• Identifying articulatory features
• Interactive Sagittal Section, Daniel Hall,
  University of Toronto
• http//www.chass.utoronto.ca/danhall/phonetics/sa
  mmy
• a bit confusing
• Practice transcribing

22
Canadian, American British Dictionaries

• When checking your transcription, be careful
• Remember that you are transcribing something that
  you have actually heard ? so sometimes you just
  might be right!
• Always check if this is an American or British
  dictionary.
• Even if it is American, it doesnt mean that the
  transcription is the same as what would be
  typically used in Canada.
• Boat
• http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/boat
• http//dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british
  /boat

23
The Onederful Werld ov Words

• Beware if heard, a dreadful word.
• That looks like beard and sounds like bird.
• Watch out for meat and great and threat.
• They rhyme with suite and straight and debt.
• /h?rd/ /mit/ /swit/
• /w?rd/ /gre?t/ /stre?t/
• /b??rd/ /?r?t/ /d?t/
• /b?rd/

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Glottal States
25
Sound-producing system Glottal States
26
Sound-producing system Glottal States

• Glottis Space between the vocal folds
• Vocal folds may be positioned in a number of ways
  to produce different glottal states

27
Glottal States Voicelessness

• When the vocal folds are pulled apart.
• The air passes directly through the glottis.
• Any sound produced when the folds are in this
  position are said to be voiceless.
• Put your fingertips to your larynx.
• Fish
• Sing
• House

28
Glottal States Voicing

• When the vocal folds are brought together, but
  not tightly closed.
• Air passes through and causes them to vibrate.
• Any sound produced when the folds are in this
  position are said to be voiced.
• Put your fingertips to your larynx.
• Zip
• Vow
• Or any vowel

29
Glottal States Whisper

• Whispering is voiceless.
• No vibration of the cords.
• The vocal cords are almost completely closed
  (though slightly apart at the back).

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Glottal States Murmur

• Known as a breathy voice
• Murmuring is voiced
• Vibration of the vocal cords
• Vocal folds are relaxed to allow air to escape to
  produce a breathy effect.

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Voiced or Voiceless?

• p
• B
• b
• t
• H
• d
• k

• g
• f
• h
• v
• s
• z
• i

Look up these sounds on your chart, then try to
produce them. Then note whether they are voided
or voiceless.
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IPA Voiced and Voiceless

• p b
• t d
• k g
• f v
• s z
• Etc.
• http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics/

33
Exercise 3 Voiced or Voiceless?

1. Ex Though
2. Thought
3. Form
4. View
5. Zoom
6. Silk
7. Pan
8. Boat

1. /ox/ Voiced (vowel)
2. /t/ voiceless
3. /m/ voiced
4. /u/ voiced
5. /m/ voiced
6. /k/ voiceless
7. /n/ voiced
8. /t/ voiceless

(Contemporary Linguistic analysis An
Introduction OGrady et al., 2009)
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Voiced Voiceless

• Contemporary Linguistic analysis An Introduction
  OGrady et al., 2009
• Table 2.12 (p. 33) (consonants and glides)
• 1st of pairs on IPA chart (left) voiceless
• 2nd of pairs on IPA chart (right) - voiced
• English Nasals - voiced
• Glides - voiced
• Usually English liquids (r l) are voiced
• but can also be voiceless
• Vowels

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Sound Classes

• Consonants
• Vowels
• Glides

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Challenge
Consonants Glides (semi-consonants or semi-vowels) Vowels

Nota Fill in the missing information with
information given in book.
37
Challenge
Nota Fill in the missing information with
information given in book.
38
Sound classes CONSONANTS

• Articulatory difference
• May be voiced or voiceless
• May be made with either a complete closure or a
  narrowing of the vocal tract
• The airflow is either blocked momentarily or
  restricted so much that the noise is produced as
  air flows past the constriction.
• Consonants cannot be the nucleus of a syllable
• Ex cup
• http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics/english/f
  rameset.html
• b s

39
Sound classes VOWELS

• Articulatory difference
• Vowels are produced with little obstruction in
  the vocal tract and are usually voiced
• Acoustic Difference
• Vowels are more sonorous (acoustically powerful)
• Perceived as louder and longer lasting
• Ex happy
• Vowels can be the nucleus of a syllable.
• http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics/english/f
  rameset.html
• /u/

40
Sound classes GLIDES

• Shows properties of both consonants and vowels
• May be thought of a rapidly articulated vowel
  (auditory impression they produce)
• Produced with an articulation like that of a
  vowel
• Glides can never be the nucleus of a syllable
• Aka. Semi-consonants, semi-vowels

41
Place of Articulation
42
Articulation Organs Tongue

• Primary articulation organ
• It can be
• Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or
  rolled back
• Five areas of the tongue
• Tip, blade, body, back and root

43
Consonants Place of Articulation

• Also called points of articulation
• Each point at which air stream can be modified to
  produce a different sound is called a place of
  articulation
• Places of articulation are found at the lips,
  within the oral cavity, in the pharynx /fær??ks/
  and at the glottis /gl?t?s/.

44
Consonants Place of Articulation
45
Consonants Place of Articulation
http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics/english/f
rameset.html
46
Lets Start Filling out our Chart
47
Place of articulation Bilabial

• /ba?le?bi?l/
• Any sound made with closure or near-closure of
  the lips is said to be labial.
• Bilabial sounds involving both lips
• Example p, b m
• http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics/english/f
  rameset.html

48
Place of articulation Labiodental

• /le?bio?d?ntl/
• Any sound made with closure or near-closure of
  the lips is said to be labial.
• Labiodental
• sounds involving the lower lip and the upper
  teeth
• Example f v
• http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics/english/f
  rameset.html

49
Place of articulation Dental and Interdental

• /d?ntl/
• Dental Sounds produced with the tongue placed
  against or near the teeth
• t, d, s z (in European French)
• Example European French (temps, dire, sept,
  zizi)
• Interdental Produced with the tongue between the
  teeth
• ? ð
• Example The words thing this

50
Place of articulation Alveolar

• /ælvi?l?r/
• Sounds produced when the tongue touches or is
  brought near to the alveolar ridge
• Example t, d, n, ?, r, ?
• s, z l
• Spanish r r
• http//www.uiowa.edu80/acadtech/phonetics/spanis
  h/frameset.html
• (Vibrante)

51
Place of articulation Alveopalatal palatal

• /ælvio?pæl?tl/
• Alveopalatal area Just behind the alveolar ridge
  the roof of the mouth rises sharply
• Alveopalatal consonants
• ?, ?, ? ?
• Example Show, measure, chip judge
• Palatal glide
• j
• Example Yes yours

52
Place of articulation Velar

• /vil?r/
• Velum Soft area towards the back of the mouth
• Velar Sounds produced with tongue touching or
  near this position
• k, g ?
• Example Call, guy hang
• Labiovelar Sounds produced with tongue raised
  near the velum and the lips rounded at the same
  time
• w like in wet

53
Place of articulation Uvular

• /juvj?l?r/
• Uvula Small fleshly flap of tissue that hangs
  down from the velum.
• Uvular Sounds produced with the tongue touching
  or near this position.
• None in English
• European French r R

54
Place of articulation Pharyngeal

• /f?r?nd?i?l/
• Pharynx Area of the throat between the uvula and
  the larynx.
• Sounds made through the modification of the air
  flow in the pharynx by retracting the tongue or
  constricting the pharynx
• ?
• Example The Arabic letter ? like in Jesus

55
Place of articulation Glottal

• /gl?tl/
• Sounds produced using the vocal folds as primary
  articulation
• h
• Example Hog, heave

56
Same or Different Place of Articulation?

• Exercise 5 (OGrady)
• s l
• p g
• l r
• m n
• f h
• w j ()

• Answers
• same
• different
• same
• different
• different
• different

No chart Allowed !
57
Manner of Articulation
58
Manner of articulation Oral vs Nasal

• Oral Velum is raised cutting of the airflow to
  the nasal passages
• Nasal Velum is lowered to allow air to pass
  through the nasal passages
• Both consonants (n m ?) and vowels (ã õ
  etc.) can be nasal and are
  generally voiced
• Example Sun, sum, sung
• No nasal vowels in English
• French in an on

59
Manner of articulation Stops

• Stops are made with a complete closure either in
  the oral cavity or at the glottis
• In English Bilabial, alveolar and velar oral and
  nasal stops
• p, b, m, t, d, n, k, g, ? ?
• Examples Glottal stop in the sound ? like in
  the expression uh-uh (meaning no) or like in
  some British dialects ? is heard instead of a
  t (example bottle)

60
Manner of articulation Fricatives

• /fr?k?t?v/
• Fricatives Consonants produced with a continuous
  airflow through the mouth
• Part of a larger class called continuants
• English fricatives
• f, v, ?, ð, s, z,
• ?, ? h

61
Manner of articulation Affricates

• /æfr?k?t/ or /æfr?ke?t/
• Affricate Non-continuous consonant that show a
  slow release of the closure.
• Affication A process in which palatalized stops
  become afficates
• ? ?
• Example Church Joke

62
Manner of articulation Liquids

• Different variants of r and l
• Lateral Varieties of l
• As laterals are articulated, air escapes through
  the mouth along the lower sides of the tongue
• English r
• Curling the tongue tip back into the mouth or by
  bunching the tongue upwards and back in the mouth

63
Manner of articulation Liquids (continued)

• English r
• Retroflex ? or r Curling the tongue tip
  back into the mouth or by bunching the tongue
  upwards and back in the mouth
• Example car ride
• Transcribed as r in textbook
• Flap ? Tongue tip strikes the alveolar ridge
  as it passes across it
• Example North American pronunciation of bitter
  butter

64
Manner of articulation Voice Lag Aspiration

• Lag After the release of certain voiceless stops
  in English, you can hear a lag or brief delay
  before voicing the following vowel
• Aspiration Since the lag in the onset of vocalic
  voicing is accompanied by the release of air
• Transcribed with a small h
• Examples pat phæt, tub th?b and cope
  khoxp
• Examples of unaspirated spat spæt, stub st?b
  and scope skoxp

65
Glides
66
Manner of articulation Glides

• Glide Very rapidly articulated non-syllabic
  segment
• Jod or y-glide j Palatal glide
• W-glide w Tongue raised and pulled back near
  the velum and with lips protruding or rounded.
• M Voiceless (labio)velar fricative glide
• Example When, where, which (but not in witch)

67
Lets Practice

• Tell me the place of articulation and the manner
  of articulation of these sounds
• p
• t
• b
• h
• C
• B
• G

• Voiceless bilabial plosive
• Voiceless alveolar plosive
• Voiced bilabial plosive
• Voiceless glottal fricative
• Voiced velar nasal
• Voiceless dental fricative
• Voiced post-alveolar fricative

68
Vowels
69
Vowels

• Vowels Sonorous, syllabic sounds made with the
  vocal tract more open than it is for consonants
  and glide articulation
• Produced by varying the placement of the body of
  the tongue and shaping the lips
• Can be altered by protruding or rounding the
  lips, by lowering the velum to produce nasal
  vowels or by constriction.

70
Vowel Qualities

• The placement of the body of the tongue
• Vertical high mid low
• Horizontal front central back
• The shape of the lips
• Rounded Unrounded
• The lowering of the velum Nasal vowel
• The degree of the vocal tract constriction
• Tense Lax

71
IPA Vowel Chart
72
Tongue Placement
http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics/english/f
rameset.html
73
Vowels Simple vowels Diphthongs
74
Diphthongs
http//www.uiowa.edu/acadtech/phonetics/english/f
rameset.html
75
Vowels Diphthongs

• American vs. English

http//www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/diphthongs.html
76
Vowels Tense and lax
77
Review

• Lets write these words out phonetically
• Note
• My
• Ebb
• Degree

• Coat
• Clutch
• Box
• Bowl
• Boy
• Attic

• /ko?t/
• /kl?t?/
• /b?ks/
• /bo?l/
• /b??/
• /æt?k/

• /no?t/
• /ma?/
• /?b/
• /d?gri/

78
Write the spelling of the following transcription

• /??n pra?d k?mz d?sgre?s k?mz
• b?t w?? ð? h?mbl ?z w?zd?m/
• /pr?v?bz ?l?v?n tu/
• When pride comes, disgrace comes, but with the
  humble is wisdom. (Proverbs 112)

79
? David ?

• Davids father (Anglophone) calls him
• /de?v?d/
• His mother (Francophone) calls him
• /dev?d/
• Explain his mothers pronunciation in comparison
  to his dads (the English pronunciation).
• Note In French, we say /david/

80
Carole ?

• Carole is a Francophone learning English.
• Wanting to ask for the /Hit/
• She asks for the / Hqt /
• Explain her pronunciation. What happened?

81
Review Battle of the Linguists

• Write these words out phonetically

82
Suprasegmentals

• Learn about different ways to mark prosodic
  properties of sounds.
• Pitch
• Tone
• Intonation

83
Prosodie Like a Song

• Listen Could there be different meanings?
• /na?s dr?s/
• How would you say these sentences?
• Nice dress.
• Nice dress!
• Nice dress?

84
Suprasegmentals

• All phones have suprasegmental (or prosodic)
  properties
• Pitch
• Loudness
• Length

http//www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/suprasegmentals.h
tml
85
Suprasegmentals Pitch

• All humans have the ability to control the level
  of pitch in their speech
• By controlling the tension of the vocal folds and
  the amount of air that passes through the glottis
• Tense vocal folds greater air pressure higher
  pitch
• There are two kinds of controlled pitch
  movements Tone and Intonation

86
Suprasegmentals Pitch - Tone

• Tone language A language where differences in
  word meaning are signaled by differences in pitch
• Ex Mandarin
• Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v5-_P_H9gMmo
  

87
Suprasegmentals Pitch - Tone

• Register tones Level tones that signal meaning
  differences
• Some tone language have 2 or 3, even 4 tones
• Ex High tone, middle tone, low tone
• Marked with diacritic
• for high tones
• for low tones
• Contour tones
• Ex Mandarin
• Rising pitch
• Falling pitch

88
Suprasegmentals Pitch - Intonation

• Intonation Pitch movement in spoken utterances
  that is not related to differences in word
  meaning
• Often does serve to convey information
• Terminal (intonation) contour
• Final intonation at the end signals that the
  utterance is complete
• Non-terminal (intonation) contour
• Rising or level intonation at the end often
  signals incompleteness

89
Suprasegmentals Pitch - Intonation

• Different intonation rules depending on English
  speaker
• Ex Exact change, please (West Indian bus
  driver)
• How would we say it in Canada?

Discourse and language education, Evelyn
Marcussen Hatch (1992)
90
Suprasegmentals Length

• Length Vowels and consonants whose articulation
  takes longer relative to that of other vowels and
  consonants
• Marked with diacritic
• or IPA colon
• Nota Not the same as English long and short
  vowels
• Ex Hat hæt hate hejt

91
Suprasegmentals Stress

• Some vowels are perceived as more prominent than
  others
• Ex th?l?græf?k ? and æ
• Vowel nuclei that are more prominent than other
  are ? and æ

92
Suprasegmentals Stress

• Stress A cover term for the combined effect of
  pitch, loudness and length
• Marked by diacritics
• for the most prominent or primary stress
• for the second most prominent or secondary
  stress
• Examples in book (p. 38)
• Examples in www.dictionary.com
• MY TRICK Rapper Stress Test ?

93
Suprasegmentals Stress
http//home.cc.umanitoba.ca/krussll/138/sec3/stre
ss.htm
94
Suprasegmental/Prosodic properties

• Pitch
• Tone Pitch movement that is related to
  differences in word meaning.
• Intonation Pitch movement that is not related to
  differences in word meaning.
• Stress
• (an) export vs. (to) export
• (an) object vs. (to) object

95
Lets Practice Suprasegmentals

• Mark the PRIMARYand secondary stresses on the
  following words

96
James Bond is sent to Jamaica to investigate the
sudden disappearance of the islands Governor and
his assistant. When he arrives, 007 begins to
suspect that the Governors absence is in some
way linked to Dr No, the reclusive owner of a
remote island which lies between Cuba and
Jamaica.
97
Lets Practice Transcribing

• http//www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics
  /russell/138/practice/prelim.htm
• Lets go to Some longer words
• As I read them aloud you will transcribe them in
  groups of two
• I will then ask for someone to come an transcribe
  them directly on the website
• We will then check the Transcribers This is
  what I have

98
Review Suprasegmentals

• What is pitch?
• What is the difference between tone and
  intonation?
• What is a tone language?
• How is length marked?
• What is a common word for stress?

99
Review Battle of the Linguists

• Write these words out phonetically

100
Speech Production
101
Speech Production

• Is not a series of isolated events
• Complex
• Articulatory organs are operating independently
  of each other
• Many fine adjustments are carried out very
  rapidly as we speak.
• As a consequence, speech production often results
  in the articulation of one sound affecting that
  of another sound

102
Speech Production Coarticulation

• Coarticulation More than one articulator is
  active
• Example
• The sound pl
• pl p (bilabial- no tongue) l (alveolar
  with tongue)
• Resulting in the tongue moving to the alveolar
  ridge (early) during the pronunciation of p

103
Speech Production Processes

• Processes Articulatory adjustments that occur
  during the production of connected speech
• Result in
• A more efficient articulation
• A more distinct output

104
Speech Production Processes

• Making articulation more efficient
• Example
• Bank bæ?k
• æ (oral vowel) ? (nasal consonant)
• Anticiption of the nasal consonant ? results in
  the nasalization of the vowel æ
• Key k (velar) i (Front, high and tense)
• Results in a more palatal k

105
Speech Production Processes

• Other examples
• Parade p?re?d
• More efficient articulation results in the
  dropping of the unstressed vowel ? pre?d
• p (voiceless stop) r (voiced lateral)
  Voicelessness carried to r

106
Speech Production Processes

• Making articulation less efficient
• Lengthen consonants and vowels when they are
  asked to repeat a word
• Example
• Its Fred.
• Did you say red?
• No, its Fffreeed!
• Greater articulatory effort, but
• Results in a more distinct form that is easier to
  perceive

107
Speech Production Processes

• Adding a segment
• Example
• Stop screaming!
• What? Stop dreaming?
• I said, Stop sc?reaming!

108
Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes

• Assimilation
• A number of different processes that are the
  result of the influence of one segment on another
• A sound becoming more like another nearby sound
  in terms of one or more phonetic characteristics

109
Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes

• Regressive assimilation Assimilation in which a
  sound influences a preceding segment (e.g.,
  nasalization in English)
• Progressive assimilation Assimilation in which a
  sound influences a following segment (e.g.,
  liquid-glide devoicing in English)

110
Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes

• Assimilation - Nasalization
• Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant
  is caused by speakers anticipating the lowering
  of the velum
• Example Cant khænt
• æ n nasalized æ
• Regressive assimilation or progressive
  assimilation?

111
Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes

• Assimilation - Voicing assimilation
• Devoicing
• Example of Please pliz
• p (voiceless) l (voiced) devoiced l
• Voicing
• Example ofaf (off or over) in Dutch
• Afbellen (to cancel) f (voiceless) b
  (voiced) vb (both voiced)

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Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes

• Assimilation Flapping
• A Process in which a dental or alveolar stop
  articulation changes to a flap ? articulation
• Example
• Butter, writer, fatter, wader waiter
• Example I bought it ajb?t?t
• ? (stressed vowel) t (dental consonant)
  ? (flap)
• Flapping is considered a type of assimilation
  since it changes a non-continuant segment to a
  continuant segment

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Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes

• Dissimilation The opposite of assimilation. It
  results in two sounds becoming less alike in
  articulatory or acoustic terms.
• Results in a sequence of sounds that are easier
  to articulate and distinguish
• Example Fifths f?f?s
• f ? s fts

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Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes

• Deletion Is a process that removes a segment
  from certain phonetic contexts
• Occurs in everyday rapid speech
• In English, the schwa ? is often deleted when
  the next vowel in the word is stressed
• Examples parade, corrode, suppose
• preid, krowd spowz

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Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes

• Epenthesis Is a process that inserts a syllabic
  segment within an existing string of segments
• Example warmth worm?
• wormp?
• Example Something s?m???
• s?mp???

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Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes

• Examples
• Warmth wormp? m p ?
• Length l??k? ? k ?
• Prince pr?nts n t s
• Tenth t?nt? n t ?
• Nota
• In English the epenthesized consonant are all
  non-sonorant, have the same place of articulation
  as the sonorant consonant to their left, and have
  the save voicing as the non-sonorant consonant to
  their right

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Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes

• Metathesis Is a process that reorders a sequence
  of segments
• Often results in a sequence of phones that are
  easier to articulate
• Common amongst children
• Examples
• Spaghetti pesghetti p?sk??i
• Prescribe perscribe p?rskra?b
• Prescription perscription p?rskr?p??n

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Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes

• Vowel reduction A process that moves the
  articulation of a vowel (typically unstressed
  vowel) to a more central position
• In English Reduction of a full vowel to a schwa
  ?
• Example
• Canada khæn?d? (stressed vowel æ)
• Canadian kh?nejdi?n (stressed vowel ej)

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African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
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African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

• Listen and write down what you notice
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vZqohw8nR6qE
• Discussion
• General
• Double negatives
• Omission of certain auxiliary verbs

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African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

• Phonetically
• Final ng /? / / n /
• Ex. Tripping  tr?p?n)
• Exception not in one syllable words like sing

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African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

• Phonetically
• May not use dental fricatives in some instances
  /?/ /ð/
• word-initially / ? / (same)
• word-initially / ð / /d /
• Word-medially or final / ? / /t/ or /f/
• ex month m?nt
• Word-medially or final / ð / /v/
• ex smooth smuv

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African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

• Phonetically
• Word-final devoicing of /b/, /d/ /g/ (ex cub
  k?p)
• Reduction of diphthongs (into monophthongs)
• /a?/ /a/
• /??/ /?/ (ex boil b?l )
• Diphthongation
• Simple vowel diphthong (ex coach ko?t?)

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African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

• How do you think speakers of AAVE would pronounce
  the words

TEST ?

IPA Chart Allowed
125
Teaching AAVE

• Fox News and Black English Ebonics
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vX_KKLkmIrDk
• Hooked on Ebonics
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vleau1eGZW7Q
• Education of AAVE (African American Vernacular
  English)
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vFS2nEmglo6c

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And the Canadian Accent?

• Canadian rising
• Canadian Shift
• Fast speech

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Canadian English

• Canadian rising
• /a/ becomes/ y / in Canadian English (in /yx/
  and /y?/ )
• Canadian Shift
• /c/ / o / / o /
• / è/ /?/ / è/ /A/
• Go to chart and see if they are close and if they
  have the same features.

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