Ground Rules, exams, etc. (no make up exams) Text: read chapters 1, 6, 7, then 3, 4, 5, 8, etc. … Profess -Knowledge - Study (rewire your brain!) Ecology, Environment, not beers cans and pollution Anthropocentrism: what good are you? Scientific Method. Cur$dG

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Partial derivatives, ?Ni/?Nj sensitivities of
each species to changes in the density of each
other species Jacobian matrix (community
matrices) Lyapunov stability (negative leading
dominant eigenvalue) The ecological niche,
function of a species in the community Resource
utilization functions (RUFs) Competitive
communities in equilibrium with their
resources Within between phenotype components
of niche breadth Hutchinsons n-dimensional
hypervolume concept Fundamental and Realized
Niches Niche dimensionality, unidimensional
shadows misleading Niche overlap
hypothesis Resource matrices
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Resource matrices of utilization coefficients (or
electivities) Disjunct, Abutting, Overlapping,
Included Niches Niche overlap hypothesis Niche
dynamics and niche dimensionality, diffuse
competition Complementarity of niche
dimensions Independence of niche
dimensions Unidimensional estimates of true
multidimensional utilization Niche Breadth
Specialization versus generalization. Similar
resources favor specialists, different resources
favor generalists
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MacArthur Economics of Consumer Choice Robust
theorem Diets contract when prey
abundant MacArthur and Levins limiting similarity
model Ambush versus Active Foragers optimal
foraging Compression Hypothesis Fishers model
of adaptation and deterioration of environment,
p. 92 Periodic tables of niches Thermoconformer
versus thermoregulator continuum Ecological
Equivalents, convergent evolution Adaptive Suite
of horned lizards Convergent evolution,
ecological equivalents (Moloch horridus)
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Adaptation and Deterioration of Environment
Ronald A. Fisher
Non-directed (random) changes in either A or
B are equally likely to reduce the level of
adaptation (d ) when small, but as the
magnitude of change increases, the probability of
improvement diminishes. From Chapter 5, page
92.
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Compression Hypothesis habitats contract,
diets do not
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Empty Niche
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Page 95
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Passive thermoconformer
Page 96
Nephrurus laevissimus
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Active Thermoregulator
Ctenophorus isolepis
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Active Thermoregulator
Ctenophorus isolepis
Thermoconformer
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Ctenotus skinks (Australia)
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Thermoconformer
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Page 106
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Page 106
O
Thermoconformers
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Ten Morphometrics Snout-vent length Tail
length Head length Head width Head depth Jaw
length Forefoot length Foreleg length Hindfoot
length Hindleg length
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Multivariate techniques (principal components,
ordination) Principal Components Analysis
Reduces dimensionality (correlated data)
Changes coordinate system (data positions
unchanged) Log transform data
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First Principal Component Second Principal
Component
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First Two Principal Components reduce variance by
92.4
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First Two Principle Components reduce variance by
92.4
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First Two Principal Components capture 92.4 of
variance
Agama
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Page 343
Moloch
Phrynosoma
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http//www.digimorph.org/specimens/Moloch_horridus
/whole/
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Experimental Ecology Controls Manipulation
Replicates Pseudoreplication Rocky Intertidal
Space Limited System Paines Pisaster removal
experiment Connell Balanus and
Chthamalus Menges Leptasterias and Pisaster
experiment Dunhams Big Bend saxicolous
lizards Browns Seed Predation experiments
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Pisaster
R. T. Paine (1966)
Thais
Chiton Limpet Mytilus Balanus
Mitella
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Joseph Connell (1961)
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Bruce Menge (1972)
Leptasterias
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Menge 1972
Bruce Menge
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Grapevine Hills, Big Bend National Park
Sceloporus merriami Urosaurus
ornatus Six rocky outcrops 2 controls, 2
Sceloporus removal plots and 2 Urosaurus removal
areas. 4
year study 2 wet and 2 dry insect
abundances Monitored density, feeding success,
growth rates, body weights, survival, lipid
levels Urosaurus removal did not effect
Sceloporus density No effects during wet years
(insect food plentiful) Insects scarce during dry
years Urosaurus growth and survival was higher
on Sceloporus removal plots
Arthur Dunham
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James Brown
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Experimental Design of Seed Predation in the
Chihuahuan Desert________________________________
___________________

Plots Treatments__________
_________________________________________


11,14 Controls 6,13 Seed addition, large seeds,
constant rate 2,22 Seed addition, small seeds,
constant rate 9,20 Seed addition, mixed seeds,
constant rate 1,18 Seed addition, mixed seeds,
temporal pulse5,24 Rodent removal, Dipodomys
spectabilis (largest kangaroo rat)15,21 Rodent
removal, all Dipodomys species (kangaroo rats)
7,16 Rodent removal, all seed-eating rodents
8,12 Pogonomyrmex harvester ants 4,17 All
seed-eating ants 3,19 All Dipodomys plus
Pogonomyrmex ants10,23 All seed-eating rodents
plus all seed-eating ants________________________
___________________________________Munger, J.
C. and J. H. Brown. 1981. Competition in desert
rodents an experiment with semipermeable
enclosures. Science 211 510-512.
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open circles rodents removed solid circles
controls
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Defaunation Experiments in the Florida
Keys
Islands of Mangrove trees were surveyed and
numbers of arthropods recorded.
Islands were then covered in plastic tents and
fumigated with methyl bromide.
Simberloff and Wilson (1970)
Islands were then resurveyed at intervals to
document the process of recolonization.
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Simberloff and Wilson 1970
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Evidence for Stability of Trophic Structure?
First number is the number of species before
defaunation, second in parentheses is the number
after ____________________________________________
_________________________________


Trophic Classes ____________________________
________________________________Island H
S D W A C P
? Total _________________________________________
____________________________________

E1
9 (7) 1 (0) 3 (2) 0 (0) 3 (0) 2 (1) 2 (1) 0
(0) 20 (11)E2 11 (15) 2 (2) 2 (1) 2 (2) 7 (4) 9
(4) 3 (0) 0 (1) 36 (29)E3 7 (10) 1 (2) 3 (2) 2
(0) 5 (6) 3 (4) 2 (2) 0 (0) 23 (26)ST2 7
(6) 1 (1) 2 (1) 1 (0) 6 (5) 5 (4) 2 (1) 1 (0) 25
(18)E7 9 (10) 1 (0) 2 (1) 1 (2) 5 (3) 4 (8) 1
(2) 0 (1) 23 (27)E9 12 (7) 1 (0) 1 (1) 2 (2) 6
(5) 13 (10) 2 (3) 0 (1) 37 (29)Totals 55
(55) 7 (5) 13 (8) 8 (6) 32 (23) 36
(31) 12 (9) 1 (3) 164 (140)
__________________________________________________
___________________________H herbivoreS
scavengerD detritus feederW wood borerA
antC carnivorous predator? undetermined
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E. O. Wilson (1969)
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Experimental Ecology Controls, replicates,
treatments, pseudoreplication Marine rocky
intertidal, space-limited systems Joe Connell,
barnacles, Balanus and Chthamalus Bob Paine,
mindless experiments, Pisaster removal, keystone
predator Bruce Menge, removal addition
experiment with sea stars Art Dunham, Big Bend
Grapevine hills, lizard removal experiments Jim
Brown, New Mexico seed eating ants and rodents 2
replicates for each of 12 treatments (including
11 manipulations plus 2 controls). Short term
ants and rodents compete for seeds Large seeded
plants versus small seeded plants Long term
indirect mutualism, facilitation between ants and
rodents Simberloff and Wilsons defaunation
experiments in Florida keys Non-interactive,
interactive, assortative, and evolutionary
equilibria