BIOMES

1
BIOMES

• Large groups of ecosystems that share the same
  type of climax communities.

2
AQUATIC BIOMES

• Marine
• Mixed waters
• Freshwater

3
MARINE BIOMES

• Different parts of the ocean have different
  abiotic and biotic factors
• Abiotic
• Salinity
• Depth
• Light availability
• Temperature

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MARINE BIOMES

• Biotic
• BIOMASS Living material
• Mostly microscopic
• Many marine creatures depend on different types
  of biomass.

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MARINE BIOME PHOTIC ZONE

• Shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate
• Along coastlines
• EX Bays, shores, beaches, estuaries, coral
  reefs

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PHOTIC ZONE ORGANISMS

• Plankton-Basis for most marine food chains
• Phytoplankton
• Algae
• Zooplankton
• Small crustaceans

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MARINE BIOME-APHOTIC ZONE

• Deeper water that does not receive sunlight
• Deep ocean areas

Umbrella Mouth Gulper Eel
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APHOTIC ZONE ORGANISMS

• Chemosynthetic bacteria
• Octopus
• Squid
• Deep sea fish
• Some are bioluminescent

Fangtooth fish
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MIXED WATER AQUATIC BIOME

• ESTUARY
• Coastal body of water, partially surrounded by
  land, in which fresh and salt water mix.
• Where rivers join oceans.
• Salinity ranges based on river flow
• May contain salt marsh ecosystems

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ESTUARY PLANT LIFE

• Smooth cordgrass
• Salt marsh hay
• Eelgrasses

Salt Marsh
Sea Grass
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ESTUARY ANIMAL LIFE

• Developing snails, crabs and shrimp
• Estuaries provide a habitat for young organisms
  to develop. As they reach adulthood, they move
  out into the ocean.

Shrimp
12
FRESHWATER BIOMES

• Lakes, ponds, rivers, etc.
• BIOTIC FACTORS
• Fish, frogs, bacteria, etc.
• Aquatic plants, algae
• ABIOTIC FACTORS
• Light
• More light at top, less light at bottom
• Temperature variations
• Colder at bottom, warmer at top

13
TERRESTRIAL BIOMES

• Tundra
• Taiga
• Desert
• Grassland
• Temperate/Deciduous Forest
• Tropical Rain Forest

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TERRESTRIAL BIOME QUALITIES

• Earths curvature causes the suns rays to strike
  the equator more directly than the poles.
• As you move from the equator to the poles, or
  vice versa, the climate changes.

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TERRESTRIAL BIOME QUALITIES

• As latitude changes, climate changes.
• Latitude and climate are abiotic factors that
  affect plant and animal life.

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TUNDRA

• Closest to north and south poles
• Treeless
• Long summer days
• Very short winter days

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TUNDRA

• Temperature does not rise above freezing for long
• Only very top layer of soil thaws in summer
• Underneath top layer is PERMAFROST

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PLANTS OF TUNDRA

• Shallow-rooted grasses
• Dwarf shrubs
• Lack of nutrients in soil and cold temperatures
  limit plant growth

Arctic Willow
Bearberry
Caribou Moss
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ANIMALS OF TUNDRA

• Large animals
• Caribou
• Reindeer
• Small mammals
• Lemmings
• Weasels
• Arctic foxes
• Snowshoe hares

Arctic Fox
Weasel
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ANIMALS OF TUNDRA
Snowy Owl

• Birds
• Snowy owls
• Hawks
• Insects (found during summer)
• Mosquitoes
• Blackflies

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TAIGA

• South of tundra
• Also called boreal or coniferous forest
• Usually warmer and wetter than tundra
• Long, severe winters
• Short, mild summers
• Topsoil is acidic and mineral poor
• Many coniferous trees

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PLANTS OF TAIGA

• Trees
• Fir
• Hemlock
• Spruce
• Birch
• Aspen

Spruce Tree
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ANIMALS OF TAIGA

• Large mammals
• Elk
• Red deer
• Moose
• Small mammals
• Weasels
• Red squirrels
• Voles
• Migratory birds

Vole
Red Deer
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DESERT

• Arid region with sparse plant life
• Less than 25 cm of precipitation annually
• Vegetation varies greatly with amount of rainfall

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DESERT PLANT LIFE

• Areas with more rainfall produce shrubs and
  drought-resistant trees
• Mesquite trees

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DESERT PLANT LIFE

• Areas with less rainfall produce little to no
  plant life
• Little rain Creosote bush
• No rain Barren landscape, sand dunes

Creosote Bush
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DESERT PLANT LIFE

• Plants found in the desert possess adaptations to
  conserve water
• Cactus Thick, waxy coating

Saguaro cactus
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DESERT ANIMAL LIFE
Kangaroo Rat

• Small mammals
• Kangaroo rat
• Most forage at night, staying underground during
  the day
• Many carnivores
• Coyotes
• Hawks
• Owls
• Snakes
• Lizards

Coyote
Rattlesnake
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GRASSLAND

• Large communities with rich topsoil, grasses and
  small plants
• Receive between 25 and 75 cm of rainfall annually

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GRASSLAND

• Dry season with little rainfall discourages
  forest formation
• Few trees are found near water sources
• Higher biological diversity than deserts
• Also known as savanna, prairie, steppes, etc.

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PLANT LIFE OF GRASSLAND

• Dominated by grasses
• Many wildflowers
• Sunflowers, coneflowers
• Some trees, near water sources
• Ideal for growing of cereal grains
• Oats
• Rye
• Wheat

Cone Flowers
32
ANIMAL LIFE OF GRASSLAND
Bison

• Grazing animals
• Bison
• Large mammals
• Deer
• Elk
• Small mammals
• Prairie dogs
• Jack rabbits

Elk
Hare
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ANIMAL LIFE OF GRASSLAND

• Insects
• Birds
• Reptiles

Monarch larva
Adult monarch
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TEMPERATE FOREST

• Also known as deciduous forest
• Precipitation ranges from 70-150 cm annually
• Dominated by broad-leaved hardwood trees that
  lose their leaves annually.
• Rich top layer of soil

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PLANTS OF TEMPERATE FOREST

• Trees
• Maple
• Oak
• Birch
• Elm
• Ash

Oak Tree
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ANIMALS OF TEMPERATE FOREST

• Deer
• Squirrels
• Mice
• Rabbits
• Bear
• Birds
• Blue jays

Kodiak Brown Bear
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TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

• 200 to 600 cm of annual rainfall
• Warm temperatures
• Wet weather
• Lush plant growth

Temperate Rain Forest
Tropical Rain Forest
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TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

• More species of organisms than any other biome
• Average temperature 77 F

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DIVISIONS OF RAIN FOREST

• CANOPY-Living Roof
• 25-45 meters high
• Tree tops
• Monkeys pass through canopy
• Birds live on the fruits and nuts of the trees

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DIVISIONS OF RAIN FOREST

• UNDERSTORY
• Air is still, humid and dark
• Vines grow
• Ants harvest leaves and bring them to the ground
• Plants include ferns, shrubs and dwarf palms
• Birds, bats, insects, tree frogs, chameleons and
  snakes

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DIVISIONS OF RAIN FOREST

• GROUND
• Moist forest floor
• Leaves and organic material decay quickly.
• Great competition for nutrients
• Rodents, jaguar, ants, termites, earthworms,
  bacteria, fungi present