????? Cross-cultural Communication

1
????? Cross-cultural Communication

• ?????

2
????

• ??? ????
• Email pengqhui_at_shanwei.gdrtvu.edu.cn
• Office Tel [phone]
• Mobile Phone[phone]

????
3

• ??????????????????????????????,??,??,?????????????
  ????????,?????,?????????????,?????????????????????
  ?????????????

4

• ??????????????-?-????,???????????????(language)???
  (culture)???(communication)????????,???????,??????
  ?????,???????????,?3?4?5?6?7????????????,????????,
  ?????,??????????????????????????,??????????,??????
  ???????

5

• ?????????,??????????vocabulary????
• ?????????,?????????????????????,???????????
• ?????????????objectives , ??????????????????,?????
  ?????????????????????,????????????????????????????
  ????????????,????,???????? cultural rules?

6

• ??????????????????????????????????????,??????20
  ,???????80?
•     1????????????????????????????,???????????????
  ?
•     2?????????????????,???15?65????????????????
  ?,??????????
•     3??????????????????????????????????????????
•     4??????????,?????????,?15??????????,?30????
  ??????,?10????????,?15??????????,?30????????150?
  ?,??????30??,????30??????20????????50???

7

• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ,????,????????????????????,?????????????????????
  ???????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????,???????
  ??50?

8
Unit 1Language and Culture in Communication
9
Your Objectives

• By the end of this unit, you should be able to
• ---distinguish types of communication
• ---state  the basics of communication
• ---design a model for cross-cultural
  communication
• ---recognise a variety of meanings in
  communication
• ---recognise mutual monitoring process in a
  social situation
• ---identify different definitions of a social
  situation
• ---demonstrate situational schema
• ---recognise different values in communication
• ---recognise non-verbal signals in communication
• ---try to be  an effective speaker and listener
  in communication

10
Key Pointslife and Communication

• Life is communication and  communication is life
  --- successful /unsuccessful communication  in
  life
•   Communication means not only life but also
  development  information is  communicated  and
  information means power and money 

11
Basics of communication

• Five types
• l    human communication
• l    animal communication
• l    human-animal
• l    Human-machine
• machine-to-machine communication

12

• Two ways
•   direct communication
•    indirect communication
•   
• Human language
•     verbal language
•     non-verbal language
•     non-word sounds
•     body language (gestures, head movements)
•    Artificial language
•     special purpose (Braille)
•     symbolic (logic)
•     machine (computer)

13
Activity2 Four Models of Communication

•   Information model
•     mono-cultural language communication
•     unilaterally cross-cultural language
  communication
•     bilaterally cross-cultural language
•     (language interference)

14
Activity3 Meanings in Communication

•   Word meaning and interpretation
•     Utterance meaning
•   (  Conventional meaning)
•   Speaker"s meaning
•   Hearer"s meaning

15
Language interference

• Language  interference takes places when one
  speaks a foreign language, one"s  mother tongue
  affects the way he or she uses it. 
• The success of cross-cultural
• communication depends on the amount of shared
  knowledge between interlocutors/communicators.
  The more the communicators understand each
  other"s language  and culture, the more
  successful their communication will be.

16
Diagnosing Problems in Cross-cultural
Communication

•    Utterance meaning How long is she going to
  stay?Its utterance meaning is what it normally
  means.
• Speaker"s meaning the meaning the speaker has
  intended to convey by way of utterance meaning.
• Hearer"s meaning the meaning the hearer has
  understood on the basis of the utterance meaning.

17
Home work

• Diagnosing Problems in Cross-cultural
  Communication
• A Chinese student had just arrived at the States.
  One day, when he was reading in his room, he
  heard someone shouting outside Watch out! So he
  went to the window and stretched out his head
  and  tried to find out whats going on outside.
  Just then, his head was right poured by the water
  from above.
• Question Would you please analyze the saying
  Watch outwith the three meanings?

18
How the speaker highlights(??,??) his most
important message

• The point I want to drive home  is that
  communication is a risky and dynamic process and
  that our awareness of the complexity of the
  meaning generating process will improve our
  communication quality.

19
Activity4 Communication in Social Situations

• Definitions of a social situation  
•  a. community definition 
•  Official interpretation of the situation
  ----social situation of meeting, classroom
  teaching, etc.
• b. participants" definition
• Goals in a social situation
• a. institutionalized goals in public
  places                  
•   b. many potential goals

20
Task 2  Being aware of different definitions of a
social situation

• In a Beijing Park
• If Beijing people do not know the true story,
  they tend to think that a man sitting besides a
  charming girl means that they are dating or at
  least on very good terms.
• The definition given by the speaker I is
  different from the official one. That is , one
  given by Beijing people. The speaker was
  exhausted and needed a rest. 
• The girl might have taken it that the speaker was
  intruding into  her territory with ill
  intentions. Or alternately, she was aware of the
  official definition, and could not accept it. So
  she left.

21

• Communication in Social Situations
• Goals in a social situation
• a. institutionalized goals in public
  places                   
• b. many potential goals

22
Situational Schema

• When you join a social gathering, you must be
  aware of  rules and procedures that govern the
  way things are going to proceed.
• There is a technical term for such rules and
  procedures" schema.

23
Task4 Situational Schema

• Giving invitation
• Prepare everything before the arrival of guests
• Receiving guests
• open the door  / express welcome
•  take their overcoats  /introduce guests
•  offer them drinks   / make them comfortable
• Serving food
•        set the table   / soup first    / main
  course
•       Desert  / fruit /cakes  / coffee/ tea
•  

24

• v  Post dinner activities
•     chat     / play music     / offer more drinks
• v   Seeing guests off thank them for coming
•      good night
•  
•    Task Would you please speak out your schema
  of  entertaining a guest at home?

25
Activity5 Effective Cross -cultural Communication

• Manage your cross-cultural talk
• Manage your cross-cultural listening
• A polite expression in Chinese does not mean that
  is is also polite or suitable in English, and
  vice versa. 

26
Can you detect the problem now in Anecdote 2?

•  
• l    The problem is the  humble  servant.
  Professor Liang is being polite by belittling
  himself. This is Chinese not English politeness.
  Li Yan was not aware of this, and she translated
  the  two  polite expressions faithfully into
  English. Mr. Allright was not aware, either, that
  the two were polite expressions in Chinese. He
  took them literally, and pointed out that
  Professor Liang was not his humble servant.

27
Thank you !
28
Unit 2   Culture Shock
29
 Your Objectives

• By the end of this unit, you should be able to
•       understand cross-cultural differences in
  approaches to hospitality, modesty, privacy, and
  politeness
•      appreciate how differences in cultural
  values shape behavior
•      identify and avoid taboo subjects in
  Western cultures
•      avoid pitfalls in cross-cultural
  communication
•      adjust more smoothly to a new cultural
  environment
•  

30
Task 1 Too Much

•      Lisa kept finishing  all the food on her
  plate  because she wished to be polite. That was
  a big mistake because she found her plate
  refilled and many more dishes following. In the
  west, even if it was  a formal dinner , it would
  be usually just three courses soup, main dish,
  and dessert. But in China, an informal dinner
  would have four dishes and a soup a formal
  dinner would have  at least eight dishes and a
  soup. 

31

• In Britain, hospitality is not measured by how
  many dishes are provided as in China. It is
  shown  by giving you freedom to choose  whatever
  you really want. They never press you. They never
  put food on your plate but just ask you to help
  yourself. If you , as a guest , are shy or
  modest, waiting for the food to be put on your
  plate, you will remain half-starved.

32
Activity 2   Politeness

•    Useful words and expressions
•  Incidents showing foreigners concern and
  kindness towardwere cited(mentioned) with
  approval.
• The idea thatwas echoed(repeated) in the
  interpretation that
• Be associated with, involve, interpret as  ,
  viewas , consideras,
• A breach of  behavioural expectation  a  break
  / violation of

33
Ways of Analyzing  Politeness Problems

•       The incidents reported fall into two major
  categories violations of Chinese hospitality
  norms and unnecessary(???) politeness to
  strangers.
•       Norm (an accepted standard or a way of
  behaving or doing things that most people agree
  with / standard of  proper behaviour of what is
  wrong and right)
•  
•       So someone thinks that foreigners
  impoliteness toward guests appears the reverse of
  their overpoliteness  toward strangers.They are
  really mirror images of each other.
•       Mirror image an image or representation
  of something in which the right side of the
  original appears the left side of the right. Or
  one side appears as the reverse of the other side.

34
A Generalization of the passage

•   Westerners violations(??) of Chinese
  hospitality norms are interpreted as due to
  disregard(??) for proper human relations,
  rudeness or lack of proper concern for others or
  the other way round, the  faith in the ability of
  guests to make their own decisions. Their
  over-politeness (unnecessary politeness) toward
  the strangers reflects their self-control, belief
  in equality(??), or respect for individual rights.

35
Activity 3     Privacy

•      Task 1
•       Paraphrase in pairs in five minutes the
  following idioms and expressions as
•       Brass Crosby--- the Lord Mayor of Lodon in
  1770, a courageous man for defending the freedom
  of the press against the government of the day
  despite of being imprisoned  for doing so.
•       Brass ( approving)confidence and lack of
  fear
•       Ill say this for her--- shes got plenty
  of brass.
•       (disapproving) How did they have the brass
  to do it?
•       Cheekrudeness or lack of respect.
•       Eg. She  has some  cheek to take your car
  without asking.

36
Avoiding Western Taboos

•     Talk to each other on the following questions
  in cross-cultural interactions in ten minutes.
• Ø What would you say if you really want to know
  whether  the person is married or not ? Why?
• Ø Why shouldnt you  ask a Westerner about the
  size of his flat or comment bluntly on his
  appearance and hairstyle ?
• Ø If someone appears to you changing a lot with
  the colour of his or her skin, what is supposed
  to be a compliment?

37
Task 6  Analyzing a case

•       The main difference is American children
  are nurtured or encouraged to be independent,
  while in China children are certain to be taken
  good care of and well protected by their parents.

38
Activity 6 Acculturation(????)

•       Uppity---disapproving behave in an
  unpleasant way because they think they are
  important than they really are, arrogance
•       Pom---  pommy,an English person
•       Quaint--- attractive because of being
  unusual and esp. old-fashioned a quaint country
  pub 
•       Retire into--go to,
•       Trauma---severe emotional shock  and pain 
  caused by an extremely upsetting experience

39

• Acculturation
• Cognitive-oriented
• Psychomotor-oriented
• Affective-oriented

40
Unit 3 

• Whats in a Name?

41
Your Objectives

•   recognize the terms used to describe English
  personal names
•   distinguish between full and short forms of
  given names
•   discuss the origin of Chinese and English
  names
•   associate certain personal names with their
  national background
•   apply linguistic theory to analyze differences
  between male and female names
•   use different strategies to avoid biased
  language
•   apply English names, titles and kin terms in
  an appropriate way
•   display familiarity with the names of a number
  of different nationalities

42
Activity 1 Naming Names

•      The acronym may accidentally spell an
  uncomplimentary word / a word which has a
  negative meaning
•    Fiona Alice Tanner Graham Adam Yiend
•    Nichola Ann Green

43

•   Usually in England it is only the first of the
  given names which is ever used
•    Shortened forms are common among friends and
  colleagues

44
Activity 2 Origins

•    Sources of names
• Place of identity Some names indicate where the
  person came from, e.g., Norman , Moor, Hall,
  Chesterfield , and Wood.
• Occupation Cook, Clark, Taylor, Smith, Turner,
  Butler, Thatcher, Chandler, and Cooper

45

• Family relationships Surnames were also coined
  from first names to indicate family
  relationships, as Robertson ,Donaldson ,
  MacDonald, OPatrick, Watkins, Thomas

46

• Ethnic identity English names the name plus
  son ,as Robertson, Donaldson , Watkins, Thomas
  Scottish names Mac, or Mc added before the
  name, as MacDonald Irish names O placed
  before the name ,as OPatrick.
•   Personal characteristic Long, Little, Young,
  Moody, Fox, Brown, Rich, and Newman

47
Activity 3 Titles

•    In China, some commonly used titles for
  addressing people are given below
•    Comrade usually between any male or female
  ,still widely used but diminishing in the recent
  years
•   Master(??) traditionally a title for a
  skilled worker, now often used to any unknown
  ordinary person of both sexes, usually
  middle-aged or older persons especially those who
  provide services, still quite commonly used

48

• Miss to some young ladies, married or not ,
  especially those who work in service business,
  such as a waitress, shop assistant, air hostess,
  etc., becoming more and more popular .
•   Mister/sir a respectful term of address to
  known or unknown learned persons, usually males,
  common in written Chinese, increasingly heard .
•  Teacher A respectful term of address to a
  learned or professional person, who is not
  necessarily a teacher, used to either male or
  female, if to a known person, often used with the
  surname, commonly used

49
The conventions for using English names and
titles

•   In less formal settings, it is usual for
  people meeting for the first time to use first
  names straight away, regardless of any difference
  in ages or status.
• The most frequently used titles used before
  surnames are Mr , Mrs ( for a married woman),
  Miss (for an unmarried woman ) and Ms (referring
  to both married and unmarried women). They are
  not usually used alone ,but children often
  address schoolmistresses simply Miss without
  adding their surnames and regardless of whether
  they are single or married.

50

• The conventions for using English names and
  titles Some general terms of address Sir
  and Madam are polite ways of addressing a man
  or woman, and are usually used only by someone
  who is providing a service such as a shop
  assistant to a customer or policeman to a member
  of the public . Other general titles which do the
  work of first names informally such as Mack,
  Buddy(Am), and mate(Br. Aus.) . In America
  guys is the collective informal term for
  addressing a group of friends Come on you guys,
  lets go!
•     l A number of terms of endearment dear ,
  darling , love, honey, sweetheart, etc..

51
Case explaining exercise

•     A British tourist got lost in a small town
  in China. A Chinese couple volunteered to offer
  their help . And now they are introducing
  themselves.
•     British tourist It was so nice to meet you
  both here. Im Susan Williams. Thank you very
  much.
•     Chinese coupleIts a pleasure. Im Li Fang,
  and this is my husband . Welcome to China, Miss
  Susan.
•     British tourist Thank you. Mrs. Li. Would
  both of you like a cup of coffee?
•     Chinese couple No, thanks.
• .

52

• Answer for Reference
• The British tourist thinks that Li Fangs
  surname is her husbands surname, since she is
  unaware of the fact in China women still use
  their own surnames after marriage. Li thinks
  that Miss is a respectful term of address for
  any female English speaker, but unaware of the
  fact that in Britain it is not used before
  someones first name--Susan . She also mistakes
  the given name for the surname.

53
Task 4 Lords and Ladies

•   Words and expressions
•    Peer ( in Britain) a person who has a high
  social position and any of a range of titles
  including Duke, Earl , Marquis (Marchioness),Baron
  and Viscount, or a life peer, who is a member of
  the House of Lords a hereditary peer

54
Activity 4 Kin terms

• Task 1 Cultural differences in using kin terms
• In China kin terms are not only used within
  ones own family but also to other people. The
  appropriate use of kin terms may reflect a
  persons politeness, respectfulness, and
  friendliness. However, in Britain kin terms are
  mainly confined to family members, though some
  families still keep the tradition of having
  children use kin terms when addressing adults who
  are close neighbors and family friends.

55

•   For example In Britain Children address their
  parents brothers and sisters with the title of
  Uncle or Aunt plus their first names, or simply
  by their names without adding a title. The kin
  terms do not distinguish between paternal and
  maternal relatives, nor between relatives
  according to birth order.

56

• Whereas in China children address them with the
  title only and the titles can tell whether they
  are from their father or mothers side and
  whether they are older or younger than their
  father or mother. The way of addressing them by
  their first names without adding a title couldnt
  be applied in Chinese families because it would
  be regarded as impolite and disrespectful.

57
Task 2 Kin terms, age and politeness

• In Chinese the use of kin terms is closely
  related to age and politeness. The appropriate
  and extended use of kin terms according to age is
  taken as reflecting good manners, Whereas English
  speaker do not use kin terms so extensively .Also
  they tend to view age as a relatively private
  thing , especially among females.

58
Activity 5 His and Hers

• Task 1 Difference in male and female names
• In Chinese, male names tend to connote firmness,
  strength, the power and grandeur of nature, moral
  values, etc., whereas female names often suggest
  elegance, manners, virtues, the beauty of nature.

59

• Differences between male and female names
•      Number of syllables of first names female
  names tend to be longer with more syllables( many
  to be trisyllabic???), e.g. Katherine, Elizabeth,
  Amanda, Victoria male names tend to be much more
  monosyllabic and short

60

• male names are much more likely to be
  one-syllable ones, e.g., the pet name for Robert
  could be either Bob or Bobbie, but Bob is almost
  certainly a male, Bobbies could be either a male
  or female

61

• Percentage of names with stress on asyllable
  other than the first there is a higher
  percentage (25) of female names , e.g.,
  Patricia, Elizabeth, Amanda, Rebecca, Michelle,
  there is a lower percentage of male names( 5),
  e.g., Jerome.

62

• Sound of the stressed syllables female names
  tend to make more use of /i/ sound, e.g., Lisa,
  Tina, Celia, Maxine, Fifi , but male names make
  much less common use of /i/ sound, though it can
  be found in names such as Steve, Peter, and Keith

63

• Last sound female names more likely end in a
  vowel , e.g., Linda, Tracy, Patricia, Deborah,
  and Barbara or very likely end in a nasal as in
  Jean, Kathleen, Sharon, Ann male names much
  more likely end in a plosive (consonant) ,e.g.,
  Bob, David, Dick, Jack
• Speed at which fashion change female names
  change more quickly, male names change less
  quickly

64
Task 5 Language and sex

• Using Language That is Not Sexist
•   Sometimes the use of particular words can
  support unfair or untrue attitudes to a
  particular sex, usually women. For example using
  the pronoun he to refer a doctor, when you do not
  know if they are male or female, might support
  the belief that it is not normal for women to be
  doctors.