background from

1
Cell Project
by Linda Xie and Jessica PipitoneBiology 6th
period
background from
picture from
2
Basic Organization of Cells
text from
The prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus.
The eukaryotic cell contains a nucleus.
3
Basic Organization of Cells
text from
All biological membranes, including plasma
membranes and all organelle membranes, contain
lipids and proteins.
4
Basic Organization of Cells
text and picture from
Elements of cell sorted by function Growth The
nucleus The ribosomes The endoplasmic reticulum
The Golgi apparatus The vacuoles The
centrioles Moving The centriole The
cytoskeleton Flagella
5
Basic Organization of Cells
text from
Getting rid of bad things in the cell The
membrane Some vacuoles The mitochondrion The
chloroplastThe cytoplasm Multiplying The
nucleusThe centriole The membrane
6
Different Types of Cells

• There are two categories of cells
• Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

7
Prokaryotes
Bacteria

• Prokaryotes are cells, but they dont have a
  nucleus. They still have DNA though, its just
  bunched up in the middle of the cell. Bacteria is
  a prokaryotic cell.

Paramecium
8
Eukaryotes
Red Blood Cells

• Eukaryotes have a nucleus which is the only
  difference between them and a prokaryote. Plant,
  animal, and fungi cells are all eukaryotes.

Nerve cells
9
Plant and Animal cells

• The main types of eukaryotes are plant and animal
  cells. Plant cells are in plants and animal cells
  are found in all animals (pretty self
  explanatory). Both have the same function for
  each living thing to keep it alive. The only
  difference is on the inside. Plant cells have
  plastids, a vacuole, and a cell wall. Animal
  cells have centrioles and lysosomes that plant
  cells dont have.

10
Animal Cell
To Plant Cell
11
Plant Cell
To Animal Cell
12
Cell Nucleus
The cell nucleus is found only in eukaryotic
cells. Usually it is round and the largest part
of the cell. It stores the DNA which stores
genetic information of the cell. The nucleus is
made up of three main parts, the nucleolus, the
nuclear envelope, and the chromatin.
text from
13
Analogy of Cell Nucleus
If the cell was your body, then ... the cell
nucleus would function as your brain, which sends
information out to the rest of your body
(ribosomes) in order to create important things
(proteins) to keep you alive and healthy.
14
Cell Nucleus
The Nuclear Envelope Surrounding the nucleus is a
thin membrane punctured with holes called nuclear
pores that allow specific communication in and
out of the nucleus almost like a security guard.
15
Cell Wall
Cell walls maintain the cells shape, the
direction of growth, and provide structural
support. Not all living things have cell walls.
Plant cells have a lot of chemicals added into
their cell walls such as cellulose and lignin
(for plant structure). The cell wall is located
outside the plasma membrane.
text from
16
Cell Wall
Structure - non-living and composed of cellulose
- cellulose fibrils created in alternating
layers for strength - has pits that make it
penetrable
text and picture from
17
Mitochondria

• In the cell mitochondria are the main power
  generators. They convert oxygen and nutrients
  into energy for the cell to perform everyday
  functions.

18
Inside a Mitochondria

• Mitochondria are shaped like a bean and have two
  membranes. The inner membrane is where most of
  the energy is made.

19
How Mitochondria Make Energy

• There's a slow fire in the mitochondria that
  takes the oxygen and nutrients and burns it all
  up to create energy," Teitelbaum says. The
  mitochondria's inner walls are coated with
  energy-making chemical reactors that take the
  fuel and pull it apart. Resulting in energy
  (ATP). text from.

ATP
20
Vacuoles

• Vacuoles are like sacks that hold water, salt,
  protein, and carbohydrates in a cell. Theyre in
  all plant cells and some animal cells have small
  vacuoles.

21
What Else Vacuoles Do

• Some small vacuoles are involved in transporting
  substances in the cell, theyre called vesicles.
  Flowers are their own colors because the liquid
  in the vacuole is that color. Also, lemons taste
  sour because the liquid in the vacuole is sour.
  Same goes for sweet plants.

22
How vacuoles help keep plant structure

• When you water a plant the water is taken up by
  the plant cells vacuoles. When the vacuoles are
  full it presses against the cell wall and the
  plant can then stand up straight. Thats why a
  plant that hasnt been watered is wilted. text
  from

23
Endoplasmic Rectum (ER)

• The endoplasmic rectum is where lipids and other
  nutrients are made and modified. Its also
  involved in transporting material through the
  cell either to parts that need it or to the Golgi
  apparatus. There are two different sections
  (smooth and rough) of the endoplasmic reticulum.

24
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• The only reason this section is called rough is
  that there are Ribosomes covering the whole
  surface. These Ribosomes put the proteins theyve
  made into the endoplasmic reticulum. Inside the
  protein is chemically modified.

Ribosomes on the Endoplasmic Reticulum
25
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER
Rough ER

• This section of the endoplasmic reticulum has
  nothing on the surface so its called smooth.
  Its in charge of packaging protein for
  transportation through the cell . Its also in
  charge of combining lipids and releasing calcium.

26
Golgi Apparatus

• After the proteins leave the endoplasmic
  reticulum they go to the Golgi apparatus or Golgi
  complex. Here carbohydrates are connected to the
  lipids and proteins from the ER then sent off the
  its final destination.

27
What the Golgi Complex Does

• Has five to eight, membrane-covered sacs called
  cisternae that look like a stack of deflated
  balloons. Inside the Golgi complex modifies
  proteins and lipids that have been built in the
  ER and prepares them for shipping outside of the
  cell or to other locations in the cell.

28
How Protein gets to and from the Golgi Complex

• There are little vesicles that can attach and
  detach to the Golgi complex. They go to the ER,
  attach themselves, take in the proteins and
  lipids ready to be transported, then go back to
  the Golgi complex. There it fuses to the Golgi
  membrane and drops off the goods it has. Inside
  the Golgi complex acts like a factory and tweaks
  the proteins to fit where they will be sent to.
  Like a post office putting things in special
  boxes to fit where its going and what it is. Then
  another vesicle picks it up and will send it to
  either another part of the cell or to the outside
  of the cell for use elsewhere.

text from
29
Ribosomes

• Protein is what all cells are made out of many
  amino acids make up one protein. So Ribosomes are
  very important to cells since they take in the
  amino acids and put them together to make, the
  basic building blocks of all cells, proteins.
  Ribosomes are the smallest part of a cell, but
  there are the most of them.

30
The Structure of a Ribosome

• Ribosomes have no membrane and disassembled into
  two subunits when not actively making protein.
  About 40 percent of a ribosome is protein and the
  other 60 percent is RNA.

RNA gives the instructions for building proteins
and brings the amino acids to the ribosome
31
How Ribosomes Do It

• The ribosome reads the tRNA one code at a time,
  adding protein building blocks one by one. The
  building blocks are made up of amino acids
  attached to transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. For
  every code in the mRNA, there is another tRNA
  molecule that fits it exactly. As the ribosome
  moves along the mRNA, it selects the correct tRNA
  molecules. Each tRNA brings with it the correct
  amino acid, which the ribosome then adds to the
  growing protein, releasing the tRNA at the same
  time.

REALLY COOL ribosome Movie (Its a must see)
32
Cytoplasm

• Cytoplasm is the gelatin-like fluid inside the
  cell. It acts as a cushion for all the different
  parts so that they dont bump into and break each
  other. Cytoplasm consists of mainly water, but
  some salt and other organic molecules.

33
Analogy of Cytoplasm

• If cytoplasm was a stew then....
• all the other parts of the cell (mitochondria,
  vacuoles, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic
  reticulum, etc.) would be the carrots, broth,
  meat, beans, and other ingredients in the stew.

34
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are produced in the Golgi apparatus.
They find and break down foreign invaders (such
as bacteria) so they might be able to be used
again. Or if they find the invader to be really
harmful, then they will destroy it and remove it
from the cell.
text and pictures from
35
Analogy of Lysosomes
Lysosomes are almost like the entire police force
keeping the city safe and in order. If they find
someone extremely (possibly bacteria), they will
put that person in jail (removing it from the
cell).
36
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane controls the movement of
substances in and out of a cell. It is a little
penetrable so some things cross easier than
others.
Even with an electron microscope you can't
actually see the detailed structure of a plasma
membrane because it's too thin.
text from
37
Plastids
Plastids only are in plant cells and
photosynthetic organisms. They are in the
cytoplasm and have a double membrane surrounding
them. The number of plastids in a cell varies
depending on the environmental conditions and how
the plant adjusts to them and the type of species
the plant is.
text from
38
Plastids
Plastids store molecules like pigments (which
give fruits and vegetables an orange or red color
when they are ripe). They also store
photosynthetic products taken during the summer
and are stored for the winter and spring. They
are very important for the storage of starch.
Foods with a lot of starch contain many plastids.
Potatoes have a lot of plastids.
text from
Potato plastids
39
Centrioles

• Centrioles are found in most animal cells and
  come in pairs. They are made of short
  microtubules that are arranged like a barrel. The
  two centrioles are positioned at right angles.
  During cell division, each centriole moves to the
  opposite sides of the cell and may function in
  cell division. They are found at the base of
  cilia and flagella (both are used for cellular
  motion) .

text from
40
Animal and Plant Cells

• Animal
• Cell membrane
• Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles (small or none)
• Mitochondria
• Cytoskeleton

• Plant
• Cell membrane
• Cell wall
• Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Vacuoles
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
• Cytoskeleton

Things in bold are things that the cell has that
other doesnt
41
Do you want to take a quiz?

• YES NO

42
Youre going to take a quiz!
What are the different categories of cells? A
eukaryote and plant B eukaryote and
prokaryote C plant and animal D prokaryote and
animal
43
Youre going to take a quiz!

• What are the different categories of cells?
• A eukaryote and plant
• B eukaryote and prokaryote
• C plant and animal
• D prokaryote and animal

44
Youre going to take a quiz!
What type of cell doesnt have a nucleus? A
prokaryote B animal C eukaryote D plant
45
Youre going to take a quiz!

• What type of cell doesnt have a nucleus?
• A prokaryote
• B animal
• C eukaryote
• D plant

46
Youre going to take a quiz!
What is the basic building block of all
cells? A amino acids B water C oxygen D
protein
47
Youre going to take a quiz!

• What is the basic building block of all cells?
• A amino acids
• B water
• C oxygen
• D protein

48
Youre going to take a quiz!
What does the nuclear envelope do? A allows
communication in and out B gets rid of unwanted
things in the cell C protects the cell from
disease D stores the important information
49
Youre going to take a quiz!

• What does the nuclear envelope do?
• A allows communication in and out
• B gets rid of unwanted things in the cell
• C protects the cell from disease
• D stores the important information

50
Youre going to take a quiz!
How are the golgi apparatus and endoplasmic
reticulum related? A theyre the same thing B
they eat each other C they dont like each
other D none of the above
51
Youre going to take a quiz!

• How are the golgi apparatus and endoplasmic
  reticulum related?
• A theyre the same thing
• B they eat each other
• C they dont like each other
• D none of the above

52
Youre done with the quiz and our cell project!