Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality

1
Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality

• A Brief History of the Education of Dominated
  Cultures in the United States
• By Joel Spring
• Presented by Heather Nast, Lauren Finelli and
  Andrew Reder

2
Racial Violence

• In Education
• Protestants and Catholics in 1840s
• Punishment of enslaved Africans
• Racial clashes
• School integration riots
• Current debates

• Throughout history...
• US Civil War
• Trail of Death
• 19th century Chinese
• Enslaved Africans
• Race riots in 19th and 20th centuries
• Zoot Suit riots
• Civil Rights Movement

3
Globalization

• Globalization- begins when Columbus arrives in
  the Americas in 1492 and links the world trade
  routes
• Civilized v. uncivilized- Christian v. Pagan

4
Religious Superiority

• Catholics
• Religious heretics
• Catholics schools developed the private school
  sect

• Protestant
• The superior belief
• Referred to as public schools
• Mostly anti-Catholic (obvious in government life)

Lead to the Catholic/Protestant school riots
over religious doctrines
5
Race, Racism and Citizenship

• Race- primarily a social construction
• Racism- prejudice plus power

6
Educational Methods for Global Cultural Encounters

• Cultural Genocide
• Deculturalization
• Assimilation
• Cultural Pluralism
• Denial of Education
• Hybridity

7
Educational and Cultural Differences

• Colonists
• Child-rearing- discipline, authority and
  memorization (break the will of the child)
• School- formal setting
• Work- activity provided protection against sin
• Political power- only men

• Native Americans
• Child-rearing- quite dismissive
• School- informal, educated by stories told by the
  elders
• Work- only for what they needed
• Political power- held by some women

8
Early Native American Educational Programs

• Failed establishment of Henrico College
• Praying towns
• Dartmouth College
• Moors Charity School

9
5 Civilized Tribes

• Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole
  tribes
• Government wanted their land
• Felt like the nuclear family and the
  establishment of a formal government was leaked
  to the need for a nuclear family
• Hoped for a cash economy to develop

10
Native Americans Deculturalization, Schooling,
and Globalization

• Native Americans as Indigenous people
• The Naturalization Act of 1790 excluded them from
  citizenship of the U.S.

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Schooling

• Thomas McKenney thought schooling would socially
  control Native Americans and improve their
  society
• He introduced schools to Indian tribes as
  experiments
• White Missionary teachers- American Board of
  Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM)
• 1819 Civilization Fund Act

12
Native American language and culture

• Sequoyah created a written language to preserve
  their history, religions, and culture
• Elias Boudinot created Cherokee Phoenix in 1828

13
Indian Removal

• Andrew Jackson worried that education was giving
  Indians the power to resist the U.S. government
• Indian Removal Act of 1830
• Trail of Tears

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• Once settled they began setting up schools and
  governments
• The Spencer, Armstrong, New Hope Academies
• Cherokees were almost 100 literate!

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Reservations and Boarding Schools

• Charles E. Mix said that the U.S. had made great
  errors when dealing with the tribes
• 1867 Indian Peace Commission
• Boarding schools take children to strip away
  their native culture
• Carlisle Indian School Hampton- Richard Pratt

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• Poor conditions- how are they to learn?
• Meriam Report in 1928

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African Americans Deculturalization,
Transformation, and Segregation

• Diaspora
• British, Spanish, and Portuguese imperialists
  moved enslaved Africans to North American and
  other locations
• North- societies with the slaves
• South- slave societies (plantation life)
• Two ways denial of education laws can be used

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• Creole
• Increase demand of slaves
• Devastating tolls on newly arrived slaves
• Free slaves still had restrictions
• Petitions to gradually abolish slavery in the
  North

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Educational Segregation

• Freedom vs. Equality
• Segregated schools
• Reading and writing in English
• Unequal funding
• Discrimination

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Boston Fights for Equal Education

• Massachusetts Education Act of 1789
• Funding
• Benjamin Roberts daughter- First
  separate-but-equal ruling in judicial history
• 1855 Massachusetts governor signed a law that
  said no child can be denied admission based on
  race/religion

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• Slaves were not allowed to read
• Although many of them learned
• Helped the slaves learn about what was happening
  in the Civil War
• Darky act or trickers

22

• African Americans had to obey the government, but
  was not allowed to have a say in it
• The Fourteenth Amendment Section 1
• Homer Plessy

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First Crusade

• First literacy
• Former slaves established schools
• Trying to improve political and economic
  standings
• Booker T. Washington
• cast down its buckets and use black workers
• W.E.B. Du Bois
• NAACP
• General Samuel Armstrong
• Hampton and segregated industrial education

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Second Crusade

• 1910- 1930s, Expansion of segregated schools paid
  by individual supporters and government
• The Anna T. Jeanes Fund The Julius Rosenwald
  Fund

25
Asians Shifting Views

• Generally speaking, White efforts at
  deculturization focused on the denial of
  education and separation of Asian populations
  from White populations
• The nature of Asian immigration caused treatment
  to shift much faster than any other group

26
Coming to America

• Chinese Moving around since 15th century
• First major wave was Gold Rush
• 1850s in California
• Paid their own way, not enough money to get back
• Ended up working on railroads or in agriculture
• Japanese Late start
• 1639 law forbade foreign travel
• Immigration started in 1868 to Hawaii and
  California

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Other Asian Populations

• Small amounts (lt10,000) from Korea and India
• In 1907 a large Filipino migration began
• Other Asians not significant until Immigration
  Act of 1965

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White Views

• Until 1960s, major views were
• Coolie
• low cost, servile labor
• Born from railroad workers/farmhands
• Deviant
• Immoral, sexually permissive
• Born from opium dens and prostitution
• Combined as Yellow Peril

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Push and Pull

• Asian immigration started relatively late, when
  big pushes for more equal rights were starting
• Coolie legislation often clashed with Deviant
  legislation
• Many of most repressive laws were reversed soon
  after being enacted

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Example San Fransisco

• 1872 All White students to be educated
• 1884 Imperial Chinese Consulate complains
• SF School board specifically bars Mongolians
• 1885 Superior Court overrules SF
• 1885 Segregated schools implemented
• 1906 Forced integration to avoid international
  incident

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A New Image

• WWII
• Japanese Internment
• Asians differentiated
• 1950s, the Model Minority

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Latinos Location, Location

• Biggest Latino influxes came from conquest
• 1848 End of Mexican-American War
• US gained California, Colorado, New Mexico,
  Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Texas
• 1898 End of Spanish-American War
• US gained Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and
  naval base in Cuba

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Similar View, Different Treatment

• Latinos mix of Indian (not white) and Spanish
  (white on a technicality)
• Generally regarded as Indians or worse
• Mexicans valued as cheap labor
• Education was denied/neglected/segregated
• Puerto Ricans feared as too independent
• Education was forced in order to Americanize

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Puerto Rico A dream snatched away

• Strong independence movement since 1860s
• Made autonomous state in 1897
• Constitutional Republic with Spanish Governor
• Conquered in 1898

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Puerto Rico Winning Hearts and Minds

• Put an American schoolhouse in every valley and
  upon every hilltop
• Education used as a weapon to inspire loyalty
• English-only past first grade
• American History over Puerto Rican History
• Celebration of American holidays
• Biggest tension was over English Language
• Starting in 1912, calls for Bilingual education

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Mexicans Kept poor and dumb

• Similar Policies to Puerto Rico to inspire
  patriotism
• Almost never enforced
• Educating the Mexican is educating them away
  from the job, away from the dirt
• Those that did go to school were segregated

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Globalization The Great Civil Rights Movement
and Wars of Liberation

• Internationally
• Declaration on the Granting of Independence to
  Colonial Countries and Peoples

• Domestically
• Discrimination everywhere
• Deculturalization and school segregation was part
  of a general global movement

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School Desegregation

• NAACP- desegregation and opportunity to
  participate in economic system
• 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka
• Public demonstrations to take action
• Lack of supervision to make sure segregation
  ended
• CORE, SNCC, SCLC

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Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.

• King was born in 1929 into a family of Baptist
  Ministers
• Introduction of nonviolent confrontation
• 1957 Southern Christian Leadership Conference
  (SCLC)

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Martin Luther King, Jr. Continued

• Rosa Parks
• 1957 Give us the Ballot speech to Washington,
  DC
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Titles 4 6

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Contrast Asian Experience

• During this time, Model Minority view became
  popular
• Contrasted to Black experience
• Obscured reality of Asian Experience

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• In 1961, 450 Indians attended the American Indian
  Chicago Conference
• End to termination policies
• John F. Kennedy
• More Indian participation in decisions involving
  federal policies
• Struggle for self-determination
• Pan-Indian Movement

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Indian Education A National Tragedy

• Bilingual Education Act of 1968
• Indian Self-Determination and Education
  Assistance Act of 1975
• Tribally Controlled Schools Act
• Native American Languages Act of 1990

44
Bilingual Education

• 1951 Puerto Rico becomes commonwealth
• Spanish restored
• 1968 Boycotts in LA
• Bilingual Education Act of 1968
• Official language disputes

45
Multicultural Education, Immigration and the
Cultural Wars

• 1965 Immigration Act that abolished the 1924
  Immigration Act (and the quota system)
• Multicultural education rose
• Ethnocentric schools (go back to segregation)

46
Cultural Wars cont. and NCLB

• Mandatory standardized tests only measure one
  culture
• Bilingual education be used as a vehicle for
  learning English

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21ST Century Post- Racial Society

• Post-racial- a society where race is no longer
  important in determining social status and income
• However, government agencies state that the
  concept of race has no scientific or
  anthropological meaning but persist in using
  racial categories in their reports
• Socially constructed in contrast to legal or
  administrative definitions of race

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In Comparison

• Drop out rates (1972-2006)
• 1- Hispanic
• 2- Black
• 3- Whites

• Race and income
• 1- all white
• 2- white (Hispanic or Latino)
• Least- Black or African American

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Is the US a Post-Racial Society

• YES
• Racial categories are no longer recognized, by
  government agencies, as having scientific or
  anthropological meaning
• Because race is a confusing term taking on many
  different meanings among post-1965 immigrants
• Since post-1965 immigrants are not facing any
  overt attempts as Deculturalization and
  Americanization

• NO
• Many native-born whites and blacks still think in
  the racial categories created by law and judicial
  decisions from the 18th century to the Civil
  Rights Movements
• Since government agencies require the use of
  racial categories
• The legacy of race-based laws and
  Deculturalization still contribute to educational
  and economic inequality
• Since many immigrants from Mexico and Central
  America as assimilation into native-born Hispanic
  communities suffering from the legacy of the past