What is Science??

1
What IS Life Science??
2
Chapter 1A Notes

• Science- from the Latin word sciencia, which
  means to have knowledge ( It is the study of
  nature and the physical world by testing,
  experimenting, and measuring, including any of
  the branches or fields of such study, as biology,
  physics, or geology. )
• Life Science- the study of living things
• Cell- the smallest unit of an organism that can
  perform life functions
• Stimulus- anything an organism responds to such
  as light, sound, touch, smell, color, movement,
  hunger, pain and pleasure
• Response- the reaction of an organism to a
  stimulus

3
Chapter 1A Notes

• Homeostasis- the ability of an organism to keep
  itself alive, despite (life threatening) changes
  in its environment
• Adaptation- any physical or behavioral trait that
  helps an organism survive in its natural
  environment
• Development- all the changes that occur to living
  things as they grow
• Spontaneous generation- false theory that states
  life comes from non living things
• Biogenesis- theory that states life only comes
  from other living things
• Skepticism- an attitude of doubt common in
  science when proving something new
• Validity- acceptability or believability of a
  concept in science how truthful something is

4
Chapter 1A Notes

• Data- information obtained from an experiment
  (usually through measurement)
• Control- part of am experiment that does not
  change it stays the same it is used as a
  standard for comparison
• Variable- the changeable part of an experiment
• Observation- the act of gathering information
  using all the senses
• 3 Levels of Scientific Validity!!
• 1) Hypothesis- scientific guess
• 2) Theory- a hypothesis that has been supported
  over a long period of time but never proven true
• 3) Law- a theory that has been tested, validated
  and proven to be true

5
Chapter 1 A Notes

• Biogenesis-the theory that states life only comes
  from other living things.
• Quantitative Measurement- measurement of amount
  or how much is present
• Qualitative Measurement- how well something is
  made or done
• Organism- anything that is made up of one or more
  cells, uses energy, moves, responds to stimuli,
  consumes food, exchanges gases, reproduces,
  develops, has a life span, and produces waste.
• The Scientific Method
• 1) Identify the Problem
• 2) Do the Test
• 3) Analyze Results
• 4) Draw Conclusions

6
5 Scientists
7
1 Scientists

• Spallanzani (Italy) Canned sterilization
  experiment for napoleon.

8
2 Scientists

• Redi (Italy) Conducted the covered jar experiment
  disproving spontaneous generation.

9
3 Scientists

• Pasteur (France) known for pasteurization,
  heating fluids to kill germs

10
4 Scientists

• Oparin (Russia) theorized that life on Earth
  orginally formed from simple chemicals

11
5 Scientists

• Miller (US) conducted an experiment based on
  Oparins hypothesis

12
End of Ch. 1A
13
Name______________________Class__________
Life Science Ch.1A Study Sheet Be able to
identify the following terms from memory 1. life
science 2. organism 3. science 4. 4 steps of the
scientific method a. b. c. d. 5.
hypothesis 6. theory 7. law 8. variable 9.
data 10. control 11. observation 12.
homeostasis 13. adaptation 14. there is no number
14 15. response 16. development 17. spontaneous
generation 18. biogenesis 19. 5 scientists a.
Redi b. Spallanzani c. Pasteur d. Oparin e.
Miller
14
Be able to identify the following definitions
from memory 20. information obtained from an
experiment 21. all the changes that occur to
living things as they grow 22. anything that is
made up of one or more cells, uses energy, moves,
responds to stimuli, consumes food, exchanges
gases, reproduces, develops and has a life
span 23. any behavior or physical trait that
enables an organism to survive in its
environment 24. the part of an experiment that
stays the same used as a standard for
comparison 25. having knowledge 26. theory that
states life only comes from other living
things 27. scientific guess 28. analyze
results 29. the act of gathering information
using all the senses 30. the study of living
things 31. the reaction of an organism to a
stimulus 32. identify the problem 33. (Italy)
disproved spontaneous generation with covered jar
experiment 34. draw conclusions 35. the ability
of an organism to keep itself alive despite
(hostile) changes in its environment 36. the
changeable part of an experiment 37. idea that
has been accepted by scientists but never proven
true 38. (France) proved that bacteria that spoil
food are found in dust specks 39. (Italy) did the
canned sterilization experiment for Napoleon 40.
do the testing 41. (Russia) theorized life on
Earth originally formed from chemical
compounds 42. theory that has been tested,
validated, and proven to be true 43. (US)
performed experiment based on Oparins hypothesis
15
TEST!!!
16
CHAPTER 1B Measurement
17
Notes On Chapter 1B Measurement

• The International System of Units (SI) uses units
  and standards agreed upon throughout the world
  (so scientists can understand one another)
• (SI Standards)
• Chart on Next Slide

18
CHarts

Measurement Unit Tool
Length Meters Meter stick
Mass Grams Balance
Weight Newtons Scale
Temperature Kelvin Thermometer
Liquids Liters Graduated cylinder
Time Seconds Stop watch
19
Vocab

• Standard- a unit of measurement the exact
  quantity people agree to use while measuring
• Mass- the amount of matter or substance in an
  object
• Weight- the measure of gravitational pull between
  two objects (usually between the Earth and
  objects on its surface) Ex an object in space
  will still have mass but no longer have weight

20
Vocab

• Length- distance between two points
• Area- the amount of surface an object has
• Volume- the amount of space taken up by an object
• Meniscus- curved upper surface of a liquid in a
  container the lowest point of a meniscus is
  where an accurate measurement can be taken
• Kelvin- A temperature scale based on molecular
  movement
• O Kelvin -273 Celsius absolute zero
• 273 Kelvin 0 Celsius 32 Fahrenheit (water
  freezes)
• 373 Kelvin 100 Celsius 212 Fahrenheitm
  (water boils)

21
SI Prefixes

• Kilo- 1,000 units ex kilometer, kilogram
• Hecta- 100 units ex hectacre
• Deka or Deca- 10 units ex decade, decathlon
• (no prefix)- one of each unit
• Deci- 1/10th of one unit ex decimate, decimal
• Centi- 1/100th of one unit ex centurion
  (soldier in a unit of 100 men,)
  centimeter(1/100th of one meter)
• Milli- 1/1,000th of one unit ex milligram,
  millimeter, millipede

22
3 Ms

• Mean- average of a series of measurements.
• EX Warrick Dunns rushing yards per game.
• Game 1 100 Yards
• Game 2 200 Yards
• Game 3 150 Yards
• Mean 150 Yards

23
3 Ms

• Median- the middle number when a list is placed
  in order
• EX number of Pokémon killed per tournament
  5,2,7,8,9 But in order they are
• 2,5,7,8,9
•  7 is therefore the median

24
3 Ms

• Mode- number of the measurement that occurs most
  often in a list
• Ex Homer Simpsons grades
• F,F,C,B,B,B,C
• The mode is therefore B.
• Ex Pi, Pi, Pi
• Pi ala mode

25
Abbreviations

• Length
• Millimeter mm
• Centimeter cm
• Decimeter dm
• Dekameter dam
• Hectameter hm
• Kilometer km

26
Vocab

• Mass
• Milligram mg
• Centigram cg
• Decigram dg
• Dekagram dag
• Hectagram hg
• Kilogram kg

27
Vocab

• Liquids
• Milliliter mL
• Centiliter cL
• Deciliters dL
• Dekaliters daL
• Hectoliter hL
• Kiloliter kL

28
Application

• So, if we were to make a new form of number line,
  for each step we go up or down the scale we
  multiply or divide by 10- the values to the right
  are of greater amounts.
• milli----centi-----deci---(none)-----
  deka----hecta----kilo
• 10 milligrams 1 centigram (one step 10)
• 1 decigram 100 milligrams (two steps removed-
  100)
• 1 centiliter 1/1000th of a dekaliter
• 1 milliwatt 1/100,000th of a hectawatt
• 1 kilowatt 1,000,000 milliwatts

29
Measurement Lab

• Be able to measure a line segment in centimeters
  and millimeters.
• Be able to measure mass in grams.
• Be able to measure liquids in milliliters.

30
End of 1B
31
TEST!!!
32
Ch. 10C 6A Viruses and DNA
33
CH. 10C 6AVIRUSES DNA

•  Virus-a piece of genetic material (DNA)
  surrounded by a protein coat. They may remain
  crystallized and dormant for many years without
  water or air. Virus is Latin for the word
  poison. Viruses are extremely small, even
  compared to the smallest cells. A special
  electron microscope must be used to observe them.
  The cell a virus invades is called a host cell.

34
Viruses

• (1) Poliovirus Polio kills human nerve cells and
  causes paralysis or death. (active)

35
Viruses
(2) HIV virus- attacks human immune system, keeps
sick people from getting well (latent)
36
Viruses

• (3) Tobacco Mosaic- kills tobacco plants (active)
  
• (4) T4 or Bacteriophage
• Kills bacteria (active)

37
Viruses

• (5) Ebola- Kills human cells (active)
• (6) Herpes Cold Sores- kills human lip cells
  (latent)
• Active viruses begin destroying cells
  immediately. Latent viruses stay dormant and wait
  before becoming active. Sometimes, latent viruses
  can be triggered to become active through
  emotional or physical stress. When latent viruses
  become active, they enter what is called the
  lytic or lysogenic cycle.

38
Viruses

• Vaccine- Weakened virus or bacteria parts that
  are injected to help the body develop an immune
  response. When the real threat appears, the body
  is prepared to identify and dispatch it quickly.
   
• Antibodies- act as hitchhikers, marking foreign
  invaders in the body that need to be removed!
  They act as red flags that tell white blood
  cells what to eat.
• The Story of Edward Jenner a scientist in the
  1790s realized cow maids that contracted cow pox
  never caught small pox. He made the first
  vaccine.

39
Virus Reproduction

• VIRUS REPRODUCTION
• (1) Attach- Virus attaches to the cell it was
  designed for.
• (2) Invade- Enzymes dissolve cell membrane, DNA
  enters cell and then the nucleus the cell is
  directed to change its activities
• (3) Copy- copies of virus are produced by host
  cell, repeatedly
• (4) Release- cell bursts and is destroyed,
  releasing new viruses.

40
DNA

• DNA means Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the
  substance that directs cell activities. Its is
  shaped as a double helix, which is like a twisted
  ladder.

41
DNA

• Tiny threads of DNA make up the nucleus of the
  cell. The threads are made up of 4 chemicals,
  called nucleotides.

42
DNA

• Adenine A- these
• Guanine G- chemicals
• Cytosine C- are called
• Thymine T- nucleotides

43
DNA
This molecule is called a nucleotide base.
One of the four nucleotides
sugar phosphate
The sugar and phosphate make up the yellow rung
on the outside of the DNA molecule.
44
DNA

• Nucleotides pair up with one another- they fit
  together like puzzle pieces. Adenine always goes
  with Thymine, and Guanine always goes with
  Cytosine.
• A-T
• G-C

45
RNA

•  
• RNA is like DNA but it is only half a strand,
  like half of a zipper. RNA is found in the
  ribosomes of cells.
• In RNA, the nucleotide Thymine is completely
  replaced by a different chemical called Uracil.
  Therefore the pairs in RNA look like this
• A-U
• G-C

46
RNA

• Close up of Ribosome
  
• Chemicals floating in the cell called amino
  acids attach to the RNA. Once the RNA is
  completely filled, the amino acids bond to each
  other becoming a protein molecule. and the
  protein then detaches from the RNA to make room
  for another to form.

47
mRNA and tRNA

• Messenger (mRNA) makes the protein. Transfer RNA
  (tRNA) moves the amino acids into the position on
  the mRNA so that the correct protein forms.

48
End of Ch. 10c 6A Mini-Unit
49
Chapter 10A Bacteria or Monerans
50
Ch. 10A

• Characteristics of Bacteria (Monerans)
• (1) NO organized nucleus
• (2) No membrane-bound organelles (they are very
  simple organisms)
• (3) They DO have ribosomes
• (4) Most DO have a cell wall made of cellulose.

51
Ch. 10A

• (5) Some have chlorophyll
• (6) Because of these characteristics, bacteria
  are known as prokaryotes or prokaryotic which
  means before kernel.
• There are two types of bacteria, Archaebacteria
  and Eubacteria.

52
Ch. 10A

• I Archaebacteria
• (ancient bacteria) These are characterized by
  living in extremely hostile environments. Unlike
  all other bacteria, some Archaebacteria do not
  have cell walls. When they do have a cell wall,
  its composition is different than any other type
  of bacteria.

53
3 Types of Archaebacteria

• 1) Halophiles (salt lover) live in extremely salt
  water, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead
  Sea.
• 2) Thermoacidophiles- live in very hot and/or
  acidic environments, such as can be found near
  natural hot springs or mud flats
• 3) Methanogens- live in swampy bogs where methane
  gas is formed
• Archaebacteria ex Nanoarchaeum
• Equitum
• (tiny ancient horse)

54
Eubacteria

• II Eubacteria
• (true bacteria) These bacteria are very common,
  and are for the most part harmless. They are the
  most populous organism on earth.
• Eubacteria ex escheria coli

55
3 Bacteria shapes

• 1. Rod shaped
• Bacilli, bacillus
• 2. Ball shaped, spherical
• Cocci, coccus
• 3. Spiral, shapes
• Spirilla, spirillum

56
Features found in/on Bacteria

• Ribosome- small black spaces that manufacture
  protein, the building blocks for the cell (they
  resemble specks of pepper within the cell)
• DNA-(deoxyribonucleic acid) complex structure
  that controls cell functions.
• Flagella- whip like tail that helps the cell move

57
Features found in/on Bacteria

• Cell wall- rigid structure that supports and
  protects the cell
• Cell membrane- flexible covering that allows some
  substances to pass through (water, food, waste,
  dissolved gases)  
• Gel capsule- sticky layer that helps some
  bacteria stick together

58
Features found in/on Bacteria

• Pili, Pilus- tiny threads that help some bacteria
  stick to surfaces

59
Good Bacteria

• Can be used to make cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut,
  and vinegar (pickles).

60
Bacteria Reproduction

• Bacteria reproduce by fission, a simplified form
  of cell mitosis. This results in identical
  offspring. An advantage to this type of
  reproduction is that if the organism is
  successful in the environment, all of its
  offspring will be successful as well. Some
  disadvantages are that bacteria adapt to changes
  very poorly and there is little change between
  generations. Also, if one dies due to the
  environment, the entire colony will likely die.

61
Bacteria Reproduction

• Sometimes bacteria reproduce by simple form of
  sexual reproduction (DNA exchange where they
  exchange genetic material)
• Some bacteria live in large groups or chains
  called colonies.
• Most bacteria are aerobes- (they use oxygen to
  get energy.) 

62
Aerobes and Anaerobes

• Most bacteria are aerobes- (they use oxygen to
  get energy.) 
• Anaerobes do not need oxygen. Typically anaerobes
  are more dangerous to humans than aerobes. A
  bulging can of food can mean that it contains
  dangerous anaerobic bacteria.
• Antibiotic- any substance produced by an organism
  that inhibits or kills another organism.
• ex penicillin, which prevents cell walls from
  forming in bacteria (causing them to burst like
  thin water balloons)

63
Ch. 10A

• Pathogen- any organism that produces disease ex
  strep throat, mono, anthrax, tetanus
• Some pathogens produce poisons called toxins. ex
  Botulism (food poisoning) which is an anaerobe
• Cyanobacteria- blue-green bacteria that have
  chlorophyll

64
End of ch. 10A
65
Name Quiz Ch. 1
8-10-08 4th

1 6
2 7
3 8
4 9
5 10
B
Grade By
Quiz

True or False
66
TEST!!!
67
Ch. 3 Cells
68
Cell Theory

• All organisms are made
• Cells are the basic units of structure and
  furction.
• All cells come from anther cells that already

69
Ch. 3 Cells

• These organelles are found in both animal and
  plant cells
• Ribosomes
• Vacuoles
• Cell membranes
• Nucleus (DNA)
• Mitochondria
• Golgibodria
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

70
Ch. 3 Cells

• Cell membrane- flexible boundary that allows food
  oxygen to enter wasted to leave serves as a
  fitter for the cell.

Its dose not like it..
71
Ch. 3 Cells

• Nucleus- structure inside the cell. That alrects
  cell activities contains chromo- somas
  made of DNA.
• Nucleolus- (Noeldi) small round section inside
  the nucleus that make ribosomes
• Ribosomes- small black specks that make
  protoenis out of amino acids sometime
  found sticking to the ER

72
Ch. 3 Cells

• Cytoplasm- a gel like fluid in side the cell that
  is in continuous motion
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- a folded membrane
  that moves materials within the cell the
  conveyor belt of the cell.
• Golgi bodies- membrane covered sacks that package
  and remove waste from the cell.

73
Ch. 3 Cells

• Mitochondria- potato or bean shaped organelles
  that break down food and release
  energy the power house of the cell.
• Lysomes- contain chemicals (enzymes that dissolve
  both food and waste. 

74
Ch.3 Cells

• Vacuole- fluid filled storage area they regulate
  the amount of water in the cell in
  plant cells they contain sap.
• Organelles- found in plant cells only
• Cell wall- rigid boundary made of cellulose (a
  type of sugar) that surrounds, supports
  and protects the cell membrane.

75
Ch. 3 Cells

• Chloroplast- melon shaped organelle that contains
  chlorophyll use sunlight, water and
  carborn diocide to make food.
• Plastids- small organelles that contain oils,
  storches and pigments
• EX Chloroplasts and corticoids

76
4 Steps of Mitosis

• Prophase- nuclear membrane dissolve chromosomes
  thicken centrioles appears (animal cells only)
• Metaphase- chromosomes line up spindle fibers
  appear and attach to the Centro mere of each
  chromosome.
• Anaphase- spindle fibers shrink chromosomes get
  pulled apart.
• Telophase- cell membrane pinches in (animals
  cells) or cell plate forms (plants cells) spindle
  fibers and centrioles dissolve two new nuclear
  membranes form.

77
Ch. 3 Cells

• Osmosis- the pass of water through a membrane.

78
Ch. 3 Cells

• Diffusion- the tendency of a substance to spread
  out in a liquid or gas.
•  Genes- physical section on a chromosome that
  controls a tart

79
Ch. 3 Cells

• RNA-½ of a DNA stand found in a ribosome they
  produce protein.

80
Ch. 3 Cells

• Cytokinesis- the movement of cytoplasm into a new
  cell
• Endocytosis-to draw within
• Exocytosis- to spit out
• Pinocytosis- cell drinking
• Phagocytosis- cell eating

BIG WORDS ON TEST
81
Ch. 3 Cells

• Active Transport- when a transport protein mole-
  culet in a cell membrane uses energy to
  pull food into a cell against the flow of
  diffusion.
• Passive Transport- cell allows food to enter
  without using energy.
• Meiosis- the process of cell division that
  produces sex cells (gametes)

82
Ch. 3 Cells

• Gametes half the normal number of chromosomes.
  Meiosis is mitosis doubled. In meiosis, genes are
  different ways resulting in off spring that are
  different from both parents. (genetic)
  recombination
• Diploid cells have two of each kind of chromo
  some Diploid means paired.
• Haploid-cells have one of each kind of
  chromosome. Haploid means single form.

83
End Of Ch. 3 Cells
84
Name Quiz Ch. 1
8-10-08 4th

1 6
2 7
3 8
4 9
5 10
B
Grade By
Quiz

True or False
85
TEST!!!
86
Ch. 56

• Heredity- the passing of traits from parents to
  offspring.
• Genes- physical are on a chromosome that control
  traits in meiosis and fertilization, each
  sex cell (gamete) carries K the gene for
  each trait.

87

• Allele- one form a gene may have for a trait,
  usually represented by a letter
• EX BB, Bb, yy, Aa
• Crosspollination- deliberate polliation of a
  plant to get a desired result

88

• Ponnett Square- a tool (chart) that shows how
  alleles can be cambined.
• Dominant trait, fator or allcle- one form of a
  trait that over rides other it always expresses
  itself in an organism.

89

• Recessive- trait, factor or allele- these traits
  are never expressed unless they are the only
  trait present. These traits seem to disappear in
  a population, but may become expressed depending
  on the way alleles combine.

90

• Probaility- the branch of mathematics that helps
  predict the chance something will happen.
• Gregory Mendel- was the father of genetics. He
  was a monk in Austia who used probability to
  predict the traits in successive generations of
  plants. His experiments lasted many years.

91

• Capital letters (alleles) represent dominant/
  traits. Small letter represent recessive traits.
  These allcle show the genotype, the genetic
  makeup of an organism.
• EX Tt/AA/yy
• The phenotype is the trait that can be seen or
  ahseived.
• EX tallness, colors, temperature

92
Ponnett Squares

• 1st example- plant
• TTallness (dominant)
• tshortness (recessive)

93

• Genotype- all It/phenotype- all tall

94

• Genotype 1 TT
• 2 Tt
• 1 tt
• Phenotype 3 tall
• 1 Short
•  
• 2nd Example-Bunnies!!
• B-Brown
• b-Pink
•   
• Phenotype 2 Brown/ 2 Pink

95
2nd Example-Bunnies!!

• B-Brown
• b-Pink
•  
•  
• Phenotype 2 Brown/ 2 Pink
• EX RR, bb, kk, ww

96

• Homozypous- alleles are the same-
• EX RR, bb, kk, ww
• Heterozypous- alleles different
• EX Rr, Nn, Gg, Qq

97

• Incomplete Domingnce- This occurs when two
  dominant alleles get crossed. This can result in
  a inter mediate phenotype.
• EX 4 oclock Flowers

98

• Multiple alleles- when more than 2 alleles
  control trait
• EX blood type
• Type A blood- dominant
• Type B blood- dominant
• Type AB blood- in complete dominant
• Type O blood- recessive

99

• Polygenetic Inheritance- occurs when genes act
  together to form a trait. 
• EX Eye Color

100
End Of Ch. 56
101
Name Quiz Ch. 1
8-10-08 4th

1 6
2 7
3 8
4 9
5 10
B
Grade By
Quiz

True or False
102
TEST!!!
103
Ch. 9 Classification

• Classification is the arrangement of organisms
  into orderly groups based on their similarities.
• The largest, most genend group for these
  organisms is the kingdom. Each kingdom is divided
  into subgroups called phyla (phylum) or
  divisions.

104

• Science Notes
• Most Kingdoms Plants Fungi
• Sub categories Sub categories
• Are called are called
• Phyla divisions

105

• End of these is further subdivided into classes,
  then orders, them families. The must specific
  groups are genus and species.
• These two name together (genus and species) make
  up the organisms scientific name.
• EX canis familiars
• Dichotomous keys and tables or charts that are
  used in helping to identify unknowns organisus.
  

106
Organisms from broad to specifies

• Broad kingdom, phylum (ordivisom), class, order
  family, specifies, Genus, species
• Bacteria are divided into two kingdoms

107

• 1. Archacbacteria are small prokaryotic
  organisms that live in hostile environments
  Anchae means ancient.
• 2.Eubacteria are common bacteria which live in
  soil and (other organisms.)
• 5. Protists are single called or simple multi
  celled organisms.
• Protists include protozox, animal-like protists
  algae, plant-like pontsts and fungus-like
  protists.

108

• 4. Fungi are multi-cellular organisms (usually)
  which do not contain chlorophyll
• Instead they dissolve and their surrounding
• 5. Plants are more complex than fungi. They
  contain chlorophyll which using sunlight.
• 6. Anomalies is the Kingdom with the most complex

109

• Organisms- They are different from most kingdoms
  in that they have cells without cell walls.
•  
• Animals tend to move around, react to their
  surroundings and obtain food from outside
  sources.

110
End Of Ch. 9
111
Name Quiz Ch. 1
8-10-08 4th

1 6
2 7
3 8
4 9
5 10
B
Grade By
Quiz

True or False
112
TEST!!!
113
Ch. 11A Protists

• Protists- single or many celled organism that
  lives in wet or moist surroundings. They are more
  complex than monerans (bacteria) having specified
  organelles for specific purposes. All protists
  are eukaryotic, they all have cells with a
  nucleus.

114

• I 1. Algae- are plant-like protists. All algae
  contain chlorophyll. But not all algae are green.
  Algae can be broken down into six sub groups or
  phyla
• Euglena have chlorophyll, a flagellum, an
  eyespot, and are single celled.
• (Euglehophyla- east glzne good eyeball,
  phyla

115

• They have characteristics of both plants and
  animals.
• 2. Diatoms are photosynthetic, golden brown
  algae that store a drop oil as food. Their small
  glass shells have many commercial uses road
  paint, toothpaste, and insulation.

116

• (The sparkly, gritty stuff comes from a clay
  called kaolin)
• (chrisopyta- chrisom means golden brown)

117

• 3. Dinoflagellates- (Dino means to have power or
  to spin Dinoflagellates means spinning tail
  whipper) These red color algae have two
  flagellum one to spin them around and the other
  to move them forward. Great humbers of these
  organisms cause the red tide. Dinoflagellates
• ( Pyrrophyta- fiery Plant)

118

• 4. Green Algae can be singular or multi-called.
  It produces starch as food.
• (chlorophy- green plant)

119

• 5.Red Algae- usually many celled its color
  helps absorb light wavelengths at deep ocean
  depths. Used to make pudding smooth.

120

• 6. Brown Algae is found near the water surface
  and is many celled.

121

• II. Protozoa are single called animal- like
  protists that are classified according to how
  they move.

122

• 7.Sarodines move about by extending parts of
  their bodies called pseudo pods.
• (pseudo- pod means false foot)
• EX Amoeba
• Pseudo pods are also used to trap food.

123

• 8. Flagellates move about using whip-like tails.
• EX Trypanosoma (from African Tse-Tse Fly, Causes
  African sleeping Sickness)

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• 9. Ciliates move about by waving short hair-like
  threads called cilia.
• EX paramecium stentor

125

• 10. Sporozoans- do not move on their own a are
  parasites.
• EX plasmodium vivat which causes malaria

126

• III. Fungus- like Protists
• 1. Slimes (slime molds) consumers that cat
  bacteria and small bits of decaying plants. They
  often live in cool shady place.
• EX Scrambled egg slime mold they can br red,
  yellow, blue, black

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• 2. Water Molds caused the Irish Potato Famine in
  the mid 1880s. Water Mold also affects fish with
  ichthyoids, which causes fish to be covered with
  fuzz. (itch means fish)
• 3. Other Fungus like Protists white Rust and
  Downy Mildew

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End Of Ch. 11a
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TEST!!!
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Ch. 11B Fungi

• Fungi- simple organisms that lack chlorophyll and
  the specialized tissues that plants have such as
  leaves and roots. Mushrooms and only one type of
  fungus. Yeast is a single celled fungus. Certain
  types of mold and mildew are also fungi.

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Topical Fungi Characteristics

• Fungi are made up of masses of threadlike tubes
  called hyphae. Hyphae-

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• Because fungi lack cholorphyll they must get
  their food from the enviloment.
• Most fungi are get food from dead or decaying
  things. Others are and feed on living things.
• EX
• Athletes foot
• Myco means fungus

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Fungus Reproduction

• Fungi reproduce using spores which are for med
  asexually. Spores are tiny cells that can grow
  into new organisms. Fungi are classified
  according to how they produce spores.
• REFER
• TO
• NEXT
• PAGE

135

• 1. Zygote fungi-(zygomycota) this fungus produces
  spores in tiny brown spheres called sporangia (
  this grows on bread) when the sporangia break
  hundeads of spores and released.

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• 2. Sac Fungi- (asomycota) this fungus produces
  structure called an accuse
• EX ye7ast, molds, moles and traifies
• 3.Club Fungi- (basdiomycota) this fungi produces
  a cap shapes structure called a besides that
  contains gills where spores all formed. Some
  mushrooms are extremely poisons. They hyphae that
  extend underneath the mush room are called my
  cerium.

137

• 4. Imperfect fungi do not fit into any categories
  of fungus until they are ready to repioduce. Then
  they morph and fit into one of the other
  categories.
• EX Penicillium

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• 5. Lichens are made of a fungus and an algae
  living together in symbiosis (two or genesis live
  together and help each other survive.)

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Lichens are important.

•  
• 1. As food sources for animals
• 2. To break up rocks into soil
• 3. Because they are a pioneer species.

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End Of Ch. 11B
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Name Quiz Ch. 1
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TEST!!!
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Chapter 20 Biomes
144

• Biome- a large area characterized by the same
  types of plants and animals and environmental
  factors.
• 1. Grasslands
• Characteristics flat plains average temperatures
  rainfall Few trees. The Breadbasket of crop
  fertility.
• EX Sheep, cows and horses.

145

• 2. Savannah  
• Characteristics flat plains seasonal rains
  greater than average rainfall (s9) warmer than
  hormal temper-a trues.
• EX Zebras, elephants, Kangaroos, lions,
  giraffes, and antelopes.

146

• 3. Artic alpine Tundra
• Characteristics little precipitation, low
  tempera-tares, ground is frozen solid year round
• EX Muskoxen, Caribou wolves, penguin, polar
  bear, Seals

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• 4. Tropical rain Forest
• Characteristics highest rainfall (158) highest
  biblical diversity (which makes the ecosystem
  more stable) some organisms live in the canopy
  (tops of trees)
• EX Monkey, macaw, Polson dart. Frog, toucan,
  brazilin, nut tree

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• 5. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• Characteristics leaves fall off most trees to
  conserve water average rainfall, average
  temperatures
• EX Woodpeckers, deer, opossums, turkey, shanks,
  southern, pines oak trees

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• 6. Taiga or Coniferous Forest
•  
• Characteristics core-bearing trees (evergreens)
  with need les, cold temperatures average
  rainfall.
• EX bears, owls, eagles, rub bits, spruce, trees,
  pine trees.

150

• 7. Chapparal
•  
•  
• Characteristics combines the teatures of
  grasslands, and desert ware tempera-tares,
  limited rain
• EX vultures, condor, parries dogs, tumbleweeds,
  coyote

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• 8. Desert
• Characteristics wide grange in temperature,
  limited sporadic rain, many nocturnal organisms,
  (active at night)
• EX Scorpions, sidewinder, rattlesnakes Gila
  monsters, camels, cactus.

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Oceanic Biomes

• A marine ecosystem is one that is based on salt
  water. A biotic chrematistics are non-living
  features that affect the environment. In oceanic
  biomes, salinity (amount of dissever salts and
  solids) amount of sunlight distance from land
• and water depth and temperature are all a biotic
  factors.

153

• 1. The Intertribal Biome is found between the
  high and low tide narks. Organisms are sometime
  underwater are sometime underwater sometime
  exposed to air. They must adapt to the sans
  ultraviolet radiation as well as well as strong
  currents and waves. Mud flats, rocky shores and
  sandy beaches are found in this biome.
• High tide
•  
• Low tide

EX Crabs, clams, limpets, snails, sea grass
154

• 2. The Sub tidal or Neuritis Biome Consists of
  submerged shallow areas that receive sunlight.
  Water depth is usually less than 200 meters deep
  Colorful coral reels contain many diverse
  organisms.

EX sea anemones, starfish, coral, sponges,
clownfish, sea urchins octopi
155

• 3. The Oceanic or open Ocean Biome is
  characterized by wide open spaces with no place
  to hide. Some adaptations that organisms have
  mode to survive

156

• A. translucency- (being partially see through)
  jelly fish use this to catch prey
• B. fact swimming to essayer predators
• C. Schooling (swimming in groups) to confuse
  predators 
• D. counter shading (silvery metallic belly and
  dark gray back for commonplace)

157

• E. symbiotic or parasite relationships
• EX whales, sharks, jelly fish squid, tuna

158

• 4. The Benthic, Benthos (bottom-most) biome
  found on the ocean floor in the deep parts of the
  ocean called the Abyssal Plain. Here there is no
  light Animals have highly developed senses of
  smell. No plants grow here Bacteria use
  Chemosynthesis to make food from chemicals, and
  this is the basis of the food chain found there.
• EX angler fish, Tule warms, blind crabs,
  bacteria

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End Of Ch. 20
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Name Quiz Ch. 1
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TEST!!!
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Ch. 12A Plants
163
Plants characteristics eukaryotic (nukes) ,
mony-celld multicelled have chlorophyll, cells
with walls have roots or roots like structures,
and are immobile.
164

• Vascular-having tubes that allow liquids to be
  transported easily.
• Vascular Non-Vascular
• Ferns Mosses
• Horsetails liverworts
• Club mosses
• Simple Plants have tow stage life cycle.
• Gametophyte stage, sex cell are pranced.
• Saprophyte stage spores get produced.

165
Mosses ample
-gametophyte
-Sporophtte
____________
______________
-Gametophyte
-Sporophtte
- Generation
- Generation ____________

______________
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Alternation Of Generations- Occurs when
organisms switch back and forth between spore and
gamete-bearing organisms!
Cell walls, mode of cellulose, provide support
and protection of the plant from harm and
dehydration.
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End Of Ch. 12a
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Ch.12B Complex Plants
Ch.12B Complex Plants
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• Ch.12B Complex Plants
• Most of the plants we are familiar with are seed
  plants. Allseed plants have roots, stems, leaves
  and Vascular tissue.
• Seed- the reproductive part of a plant that
  contains an embryo and often staved food. Seed
  plants are classified into two groups

174

• Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperm means
• Make seed. They produce seeds on the scales of
  female cones. They never produce fruits or
  flowers Their leaves are needle, like or scale
  like. Most gymnosperms are evergreen plants that
  keep their leaves year round.

175

• Divisions OF Gymnosperms
• Geophytes (shrubs)
• Cycads

176

• Gingkoes
• Conifers EX pines, fir, spruce, cedar

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• Aniosperms
• Angiosperms (flowering seed) produce seeds which
  are enclosed inside a fruit. All angiosperms
  produce flowers as well.
• 2 type of angiosperms
• Monocots (Monocotyledon)

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• Vascular bundles form a random pattern.
• Veins in leaves run parallel.
• Petals come in groups of three.
• EX corn, grass, wheat, rice, oats (any gram
  plants)
• Dicots/ Dicotyledons.
• (Two seed leaves)

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• Branching veins
• Flower parts come in 4s or 5s
• Vascular tissue in stem forms a pattern ring
• EX apple tree, orange trees, watermelons,
  lettuce
• (Any non-grain plant)

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• Economic Importance of Plant
• Gymnosperms are used for wood and paper products
• Resin a waxy substance secreted by conifers is
  used for chemicals, paint rarnish, soap and
  medicines

• Angiosperms form the basis of diets of most
  animals.
• Flax and cotton fibers are used to makes clothes

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• Ports of Complex Plants
• Roots are important because they support plants
  through wind rain. They also absorb water
  nutrients.
• Stems support the move-mint of water and
  nutrients between the leaves and roots. Three
  types of vascular tissues are found in the stem
• Xylem- transport water to the leaves (inside
  ring)
• Phloem- transports sugar form the leaves to the
  rest of the plant (outside ring)
• Cambium- cell layer which produces new xylem
  phloem each year found between, these two byres.

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• Herbaceous- plants stems are soft and green.
• Woody- stems are hard and rigid.

183

• Flower Definitions
• Sepal- proective outer part of a flower (leaves
  the protect the bud)
• Stamens- make reproductive part of the flower
• Anther- produces pollen grains
• Filament- thin stem that supports the anther
• Pistil- female reproductive part of a flower
• Stigma- sticky fanlike growth where pollen grains
  sometime land

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• Style- central part of pistil supports stigma
• Ovary- in plants, these contain ovyles or eggs
• Pollen tube- grows from the pollen grain through
  the pistil allows sperm to fertilize ovules to
  make seeds.

185

• Stomata- pores in leaver surfaces that allow, C0z
  (carbon dioxide) to enter and h2O (water vapor)
  to leave
• Gvard Cells- cells that open close stomata
• Palisade layer- cells near the least surface
  filled with chloroplasts
• Spongy layer- lower section of leaf with air
  pockets for C0z for photosynthesis
• Transpirations- evaporation through plants
• Pollinations- transfer of pollen from stamen to
  stigmas.
• Germination- the develop-mint of a seed into a
  plant.

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End Of Ch. 12b
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Name Sara Quiz Ch. 1
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TEST!!!
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Unit 7
190

• Unit 7 Human Body Systems
• 5 Functions of the Skeletal System.
• Gives shape and support to the body
• Protects the internal organs
• Provides an attatchmen point for muscles
• Formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow
• Calcium and phosphorus are stored here

191
Penosteum- tough, tight-fitting membrane that
contains blood vessels that carry natvients to
the bone. Spongy bone- contains open spaces that
make the bone light weight. Marrow- a fatty
tissue that produces red and white blood
cells Cartilage- a thick, smooth rubbery layer
of tissue that reduces friction between
bones Ligament- though, elastic connective
tissue (rubber band rope) that joins bone to bone
(ACL tear)
Tendon- connective tissue that that joins muscle
to bone
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1. Ball and socket joint (EX Sholder and hip)
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2. Hinge joint (EX elbow and knee
194
3. Gliding joint (EX Wrist, vertebrae neck)
195
4. Pivot joint (EX ferearim)
196
5. Suture Joint (EX Skull)
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1st 2nd 3rd Class lever
Class Lever Class Lever
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Muscles Muscles are organs that contract to
perform a task, such as moving body
parts. 1.Voluntary Sketctal Muscles-those that
can be consciously controlled and are attached to
the skeleton Ex arm muscles
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2. Involuntary Smooth Muscles cannot usually be
controlled found in skin irises the digestive
tract
200
3. Cardiac Muscles- heart muscle which is in
like other muscles in that it generates it own
electrical
201
Skin Epidermis- Surface layer of skin made of
dead cells Dermis- livings skin layer contains
blood vessels and nerve endings Melanin- pigment
that gives skin its color protects us from
ultraviolet radiation
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Crematory System Arteries- thick elastic- walked
blood vessels (tubes) that move oxygen- rich
blood away from the heart through the body
Veins- flat blood vessels with one way valves
that moves carbon dioxide- rich blood back to the
heart Capillaries- microscopic blood vessels
that connect arteries and veins, oxygen,
nutrients, and wastes veins, oxygen, nutrients
are exchanged through capillary walls
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Plasma- the liquid part of blood made mostly of
water but also containing nutrients, minerals
oxygen 90 of blood is made from
plasma. Platelet- irregularly- shaped cell
fragment that from clots (scabs) when chemicals
in torn or cut skin combine with blood. Platelets
stick together to from tiny threads of fibrin
which clog the wound. Side view- skin close up
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• Skin torn
• Chemical in skin released
• Platelets from the threads of fibrin which clots
  the wound, stopping blood loss
• Your skin hair and nails make up the
  Intequmentory System.
• The Lymphatic System
• Generally speaking, it is responsible for
  re-absorbing liquids- from your bodys tissues
  (lymphatic fluids.) These liquids are collected
  into lymph vessels. Skeletal move slowly through
  these tubes. Lymph nodes in your neck remove
  pathogens and dead cells, as many white blood
  cells, are found there. Purified lymphatic flund

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then drains into your neck veins. The thymus just
above the heart releases white blood cells. The
spleen, located in the upper let abdomen, is the
oid fitter for dead red blood cells. The
tonsils are located at the back of the nasal
(avity, and help fight infection. Hemoglobin-
protein that allows red blood cells to carry
oxygen.
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END OF Unit 7
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Name Sara Quiz Ch. 1
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TEST!!!
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Ch . 15 A Intro to Animals
210
Characteristics of all animals 1) They all move
some time in their lives 2) All use oxygen (O2)
to get energy, by way of respiration. 3) All
are multi-celled 4) NO eukaryotic 5) NO cell
walls or chlorophyll
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• Sponges (Porifer)
• Porifer a means pore bearing in Latin Sponges
  are animals with simple body plans.
• Sponges have no organs or organ systems. They
  live in water. Sponges are sessile (dont move
  around as adults

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Sponges- fitter feeders They are oceans vacuum
cleaners Spicules- sharp needle- like structures
insides sponges that give them shape and support.
213
Sponge Reproduction Sponges can reproduce
asexually by budding or regeneration. They can
also reproduce sexually. They are hermaphrodites
and can produce both sperm and egg develops into
a larva, which shims around until it settles to
grow into a sponge. Larva- immature organism
that doesnt have the abilities of grown
adults. Symmetry- the way an organism repeats
itself in its design. Bilateral symmetry- left
right sides are identical hoo.com Radial
symmetry- where on organism can be split into
several equal parts in a circular manner. EX
starfish, jellyfish, sand dollar, sea anemone,
sea urchin
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Asymmetrical- (without symmetry) organism cannot
be divided equally EX fiddler crab
215
Cnidarians Cnidarians is Greek for stinging
nettles These animals have tentacles with
nematocysts, cells which shoot a stinger and
poison into other organisms
EX of cnidarians Jellyfish, sea anemones, and
the Perfumes Man OWar Cnidarians can come in
medusa (bell-shaped) form, Jelly fish or polyp
from (Corals)
216
Echinoderms Echinoderm mean spiny Skin. EX
Sea stars, sea urchin, sand dollar, and sea
cucumbers. Their bodies are supported by calcium
plates. Starfish have a water voscubr system
where water is pumped causing suction in the tube
feet.
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WORMS 1. Platyheminther (flatworms)
Planarians- have eye spots and move with cilia
they
218
Have great regenerative abilities Flukes-
parasites that grow in the liver Tapeworms-parasit
es live in the intestines
219
2. Nematodes (roundworms) Heartworms- commonly
found in dogs, they clog arteries and cause
death Trichinella can coves a disease
trichinosis, obtained by eating undercooked
park. 3. Annelids (aka annelid, which means
little ring. these are segmented
worms) Earthworms have repeated body parts in
their segments. Setae- bristles on worms that
helps them move Aortic Arches- earthworms have
spoirs (10 total of these hearts that pomp
blood Crop- storage sac where flood is kept
until digested Gizzard- muscular stitch where
tiny stones help break up food.
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Leeches are parasitic segmented worms drain blood
from animals. They have an anesthetic saliva- it
numbs the skin so it can brite the host w/c
alerting it. The saliva also acts as an
anticoagulant, keeping the blood from
clothing. Polychaetes are segmented marine
worms. There are more polecats than any other
kind of segmented worm.
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END OF CH. 15A
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TEST!!!
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Q 1 Discuss the 6 kingdoms and give an example
of each. Final Exam Review 1. Archacbacteria
thrive in hostile environments no competition
for resources when reproducing they make exact
copies very poor at adopting to change
prokaryotic otic simple organisms with no
membrane-bound organelles Types include
Methanogens holophotes, Thermoascidophiles EX
honoarchaeum Equitom Eubacteria- thrive easily
mostly harmless decomposers include
cyanobacterria they are producers and consumers
and rarely cause disease EX escheria coli
225
Protists eukaryotic single or multicolor
Specialized membrane- bound organelles comprised
of consumers and producers more complex then
monerans ( bacteria) 3 types Plant like (algae)
Animal like (algae) Fungus like ( ) EX
amoeba protease Fungus saprophytes that grow on
decaying malted as they absorb nutrients they
are eukaryotic and have cell walls made of tubes
called hyphae reproduce using-spores lack
chlorophyll EX Truffle Plants Characterized by
the presence of chlorophyll and cell walls
eykary otic malt celled reproduce with seed and
spores have specialized fissures use
photosynthesis to make food as producers EX
onions Animals highly complex eukaryotic,
multicolor consumers EX canis familiars
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• 2 Discuss and give examples of plant and 2
  animal adaptations
• Q 2 Adaptations
• Animal behaviors
• Polar bear hibernate thro the winter without food
  this shows metabolism and allows them to survive
• During winter snakes gutter in groups for self
  defense they do this be souse they are
  cold-blooded. In wind cats, move mint along the
  ground trigger a hunting instinct

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• Animal Physical Adaptations
• Basting (2 humps) and Dromedary (1 hump) camels
  have unusually long eye lashes that protect their
  eyes from sand.
• A beavers teeth grow on wood constantly or their
  teeth grow too long and they will starve to
  death.
• They arctic have changes its for color to white
  in the winter to ported it from predators. Its
  for is brown in the summer.
• Plant Adaptations
• Cactus have a very thick cuticle which keeps it
  from drying out- Spines are modified leaves to
  protect them from animals.
• Cypress trees have wide roots that keep them from
  falling over in the swung ocean.
• Kept plant have special leaves filled with gas to
  hold the organism upright.

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• Q 3 Discuss what food chains, food webs and
  energy pyramids are and why they are important.
• A food chain is a simple model that shows limited
  relationships between predator and pray in a
  habitat.
• A food web is more extensive in that it shows
  multiple relation. Ship on multiple levels.
• An energy pyramid in addition to showing the
  above also includes population levels and fetal
  energy available in the system. All are import
  tent because they show how all organisms are
  interdependent.

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Ch. 15B Arthropods and Mollusks
231
Arthropod means jointed foot. These organisms
make up largest group of animals. They have a
nervous system similar to annelids but with a
larger brain. Arthropods have an exoskeleton
(hard outer shell to which muscle attach acts as
to armor to protect organism) It is made up of
chitin (the substance that makes up fingernails.)
Because expand they are shed as the arthropod
grows-this is called molthing. Insects Insects
have 3 body regions the head, thorax and addomen.
232
Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly.
Compound eye are used to detect color and motion.
Antennas are used to detect smell and touch.
Chemicals that are used to send massages ate
called pheromones. Insects have an open
circulatory system. They absorb oxygen through
soiracles. Metamorphosis- changes in body from
during a life cycle. Metamorphosis is controlled
by the animal. EX butter flies and
moths Arachnids Arachnids have 8 legs and two
body segments. They do not have true
antennae. EX spiders, scorpions, ticks, and
mites are examples.
233
Other Arthropods Centipedes have one pair of
legs per segment. They are fast hunters. Top
down View Millipedes have two pairs of legs per
segment. They are slow grazers. Side view
234
Same centipedes and millipedes poisonous. Mollusk
means Soft bodied in Latin. This refers to
soft bodied animals that usually have shells.
They usually have shells. They usually have
bilateral symmetry and are found on land and in
water. They have three body sections foot,
matte, and visceral mass. The montle is the
layer of tissue that makes a shell or protects
the body. It covers the visceral mass (aunts)
where the organs are located. All mollusk have a
muscular foot for movement. Most have and open
crematory system. Snail Clam Squid
Foot visc. Mass mantle
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There are three major classes of mollusks
cephalopods, gastropods, and bivalves 1.
Gastropod means belly footed. This group
includes snails, slugs, abalones, whells, sea
slugs and conches. They are sometimes called
univalves if they have one shell snails obtain
food with a rasp-like tongue called a radula
they scrape algae off of rocks. Land- based
gastropods have glands that produce a loyal of
mucous that they slide along in. (the mucous
contains little water) 2. Bivalves two shells
(pelecypod- hatchet footed) These mollusks have a
two part shell joined by a hinges. Clams,
mussels, oysters and scallops are bivalves. They
close their shells with story muscles which we
eat. Bivalves protect them selves Mollusk Be
havior Clams mussels dig and
hide Scallops clap shells and swim
away Oysters cement them selves together 3.
Cephalopod means head footed. Cephalopods are
specialized, complex and
236
intelligent animals. EX squid, octopi,
cuttlefish and the nautilus Cattle fish use
chromatopores ( Skin cells that change color) to
communicate.
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END OF CH. 15B
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TEST!!!