The Book of Zephaniah

1
History of the Catholic ChurchA 2,000-Year
Journey
2
214 Church History
Part 3 The Church of the Early Middle Ages
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Changing the Face of Europe

• Islamic threat grows Northern Africa falls
  along with much of East. Invasions stopped in
  Spain.

4
End of the Dark Ages

• Islam on the move armies of Arabs on jihad
  devastated North Africa
• Mediterranean becomes a Muslim lake
• Italy and other coastal areas constantly attacked
  by fierce raiding parties who even raid inland

Moorish Chieftain

• Constantinople, capital of Byzantium, is attacked
• Spain overrun by Arabs and Berber allies, but one
  small area is held by the Christians

5
Not Entirely Dark An Example

• John Philoponus, Christian Scientist,
  Philosopher, Theologian (c. 490-570)
• It was because of (not despite) his Christianity
  that he could go against 1,000 years of
  Hellenistic belief
• Stars mutable objects corruptible matter
• Sun is fire
• Appearance of cosmic changelessness is the mere
  effect of the immense temporal and spatial
  intervals of cosmic movement
• Argued against Aristotle light moves
• Hypothesized that space above the atmosphere is a
  vacuum
• As a Christian, he saw the entire universe as a
  creature of God

6
Saving Europe Tours (Poitiers)

• Moors (Arab/Berbers) stormed into France
• Pepins son, Charles Martel scraped together a
  Franksh army to meet the Moors as they rode north
• Clash at Tours a turning point in European
  history Franks soundly defeated the Moors and
  turned them back from Europe

Battle of Tours

• Wake-up call for do-nothing Merovingian kings
• Charles prestige passed to his son, Pepin the
  Short

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Pepin the Shortand Strong

• Pepin wrote to the Pope Who should rule, he who
  inherited a title, or he who actually rules?
• Pepin crowned king
• Pepins concept of kingship To us the Lord has
  entrusted the care of government.
• Very different from tribal concept of kingship
  state personal possession of the king

Pepin the Short
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Pepin and St. Boniface

• Pepin also established Papal States
• Invited St. Boniface to reform whole of Western
  Frankish Church
• St. Boniface very successful converting German
  tribes
• Everywhere he promoted the authority of the
  papacy and the need for Catholic rulers to defend
  it
• Boniface died a martyr, June 5, 754
• Pepin overshadowed by his son, Charles the Great
  who inaugurated the Carolingian era

St. Boniface
9
Irish Monks Saving Civilization

• Toward the end of Merovingian rule in the kingdom
  of the Franks, learning had nearly disappeared
• Ignorance was widespread and writing itself had
  greatly deteriorated
• The Irish missionaries saved the day (and the
  civilization) by
• Reforming monastic life and discipline
• Restoring ascetic ideals, even among the laity
• Focusing on literacy among the Franks and others

St. Columbanus
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Charlemagne, King of the Franks

• Unlike Pepin, Charles was super-sized
• 1st concern order throughout Frankish realm
  defend borders
• In 30 years he waged 60 campaigns, half of them
  personally
• He fought Muslims in Spain, Basques in the
  Pyrenees, wild Avars in Hungary, and pacified
  northern Italy
• Biggest headache pagan Saxons
• Forced conversion on Saxons resettled them
  within his realm

Charlemagne King of the Franks
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Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor

• Turning point Christmas Day, 800
• Pope St. Leo III crowned Charles as Roman Emperor
• Coronation represents two important developments
• Restoration of the Western Roman Empire dream
  of European unity under a Catholic ruler would
  survive the empires demise
• Shift in geographical focus of Western
  civilization from Mediterranean (Mare nostrum)
  to the North
• Henri Pirenne Had there been no Mohammed, there
  would have been no Charlemagne.

Charlemagne
12
Charlemagnes Reforms

• Economic reforms under Charlemagne
• Agricultural innovations produced a true
  agricultural revolution
• Issued standardized coins to facilitate local
  trade
• Muslim conquests hindered foreign trade, but
  Charlemagne achieved increase in foreign trade by
  using Jewish merchants who moved in both
  Christian and Muslim worlds

The Caliph and Charlemagne

• Charlemagne even corresponded with the legendary
  Caliph of Bagdad, Harun al-Rashid.

13
Carolingian Renaissance Education

• Charlemagne also began a great educational and
  cultural revival
• Great need, particularly among clergy
• Opened school at Aachen, his capital, to
  promising students of all classes included girls
• Same occurred throughout the country
• Schools used ingenious methods and specified
  humane treatment of students with playtime
  exercise
• Recruited Alcuin, English deacon

Charlemagne receiving Alcuin
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Carolingian Renaissance Art

• Charlemagne also supported a revival of the arts
  and architecture
• One of his greatest works was his palace chapel
  built in the Byzantine style with a design and
  mosaics modeled after a Byzantine church he had
  visited in Ravenna
• Charlemagne had numerous other building projects
  (many of wood perished in the barbarian waves
  late in the 9th century

Charlemagnes Palace Chapel in Aachen (Aix-la-
Chapelle)
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Alcuin

• Alcuin recruited the best and the brightest
  scholars of Europe
• Unlocked what had been preserved for centuries in
  the monasteries
• Stressed the mastery of Latin, the need for
  books, and careful copying of texts
• These scholars also contributed much original
  work of their own

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Books Writing

• Our whole knowledge of ancient literature is due
  to the collecting and copying that began under
  Charlemagne, and almost any classical text that
  survived until the eighth century has survived
  till today. Kenneth Clark

Few people today realize that only three or four
original antique manuscripts of the Latin authors
are still in existence.
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Books Writing

• Even in the 6th Century scribes were busy copying
  the Scriptures
• Alcuins zeal for books and libraries was echoed
  throughout the Carolingian world
• Carolingian miniscule a new form or writing,
  tremendous improvement clearly formed letters,
  upper and lower case, spaces between words
• Charlemagne demanded homilies be translated into
  common languages so all people could benefit from
  them

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Agricultural Revolution

• Beginning with Charlemagne, many improvements in
  how land was farmed in Europe an true
  agricultural revolution
• Rediscovery of Roman farm technology (waterwheel)
• Development of the heavy plow, horseshoe, new
  horse harness
• Dense forests cleared for farming

3 Whippletree Set

• Dikes created to hold back the sea and enclose
  fertile soil
• Three-field system of crop rotation increased
  output to support larger population
• Moved beyond subsistence farming more people
  could take up trades villages grew

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Alfred the Great (849-899)

• English king who, like Charlemagne, strongly
  encouraged education
• Ensured classics of previous centuries were
  translated into Anglo Saxon
• Personally translated for his people works on the
  Church, geography and other subjects in simple
  and popular style, often adding simple material
  of his own composition

20
Chaos in Rome, Barbarians Again

• After Charlemagnes death in 814 his empire was
  divided in two with a Middle Kingdom in between
• Barbarian and Muslim attacks continued, battering
  Europe
• Papacy too (with a few exceptions) reached an
  all-time low
• Manipulated elections popes deposed and replaced
• Decline of royal political control feudal lords
  gobbled up Church land with impunity
• Viking raiders from Scandinavia Magyars from
  Eastern Europe

Viking
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Serf and Turf
Its for whacking peasants. I call it a serfboard.
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Feudalism

• Complex roots in Roman times Germanic customs
  -- by the 800s invaders and ineffective rulers
  had splintered the Carolingian Empire
• Feudalism a kind of coping mechanism
• Only a strong local warlord could maintain order
  public safety needed support of fighting men
  loyal to him (vassals)
• Feudal pyramid Cavalry (vassals) required horses
  and land which the lord would give in return for
  loyalty

• Meanwhile, who farmed the land? The fighting men
  needed farmers, and the farmers (non-warriors)
  needed protection manorialism
• Peasants (serfs) lived on lords vassals
  manors cared for the land produced the food
  received a place to live, protection

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Feudalism

• Serfs made up the bottom lever of feudalisms
  pyramid, vassals the middle and overlords and
  kings the top.
• Feudal/manorial system at top bottom could be
  brutal with thugs fighting each other and
  brutalizing peasants and would have been much
  worse without the Church
• Early on relationships between lords vassals
  were ingeniously Christianized
• Lords liegemen swore solemn oaths before clergy
  to defend support each other

Roland giving fealty

• Knights swore to protect the clergy, poor weak
  and not to harm their property (the Peace of God)
• Truce of God limited times when fighting could be
  done and finally eliminated most private wars
  altogether

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Feudalism a Way of Life for Christendom

• Bishops and abbots often had large landholdings,
  and monasteries reflected feudal estates in
  organization, management, and self-sufficiency.
• Feudalism offered stability and protection and
  became a way of life.
• Hard work, warfare and primitive living
  conditions prevailed for all levels.

Cluny
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Decline of Feudalism
Rise of Kings Power
Cause
King
Help Obey
Land
Cause
Nobles
In France, Spain England
Growth of villages towns
Knights
Peasants (serfs)
Wars among nobles make them weaker
Better life in towns
More trade, more towns
Kings took back their land power
Kings with more power
More peasants moved to towns
Trade Developed
Create centralized government
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Feudalism
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The Rise of Towns

• Agricultural revolution increase in superfluous
  serfs who yearned to set up shop in local
  villages
• Villages growing into towns organized and
  self-governing irresistible to ambitious
  talented serfs
• Lords often stymied by military strength of towns
  their walls and that most were outside their
  jurisdiction
• Town air makes free if a man could support
  himself in a town for a year and a day, he was no
  longer a serf but a freeman
• Feudal trappings would survive, but the towns
  with their new middle class became the center for
  schools and guilds

Medieval Town
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The Guilds

• Organizations of masters and apprentices in
  various crafts, profoundly influenced by Catholic
  principles
• Guildsmen had to charge customer a just price
  deliver a quality product
• Guildsmen agreed to limit hours of work and
  provide just compensation for his workers
• Guildsmen required to assist ill or injured
  members came to provide insurance, etc.
• Every guild had a patron saint celebrated the
  feast day with Mass and processions
• Guilds contributed to the support and artistic
  decoration of the local church, and provided for
  the schooling of talented youth

Guildsmen
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The Role of Kings

• The emergence of national kings throughout Europe
  meant the reappearance of central political
  authority and the hope of peace and order
• Royal rights were contested by powerful feudal
  nobility, so kings sought allies elsewhere
• The towns withstood the opposition of feudal
  aristocracy by appealing to the kings
• In return for a charter from the king and his
  protection, towns gave their allegiance
• Rich and powerful towns made this cooperation
  valuable and weakened the impact of the country
  warlords
• 11th century produced some remarkable and
  admirable kings Stephen of Hungary, Henry II of
  Germany

Henry II of Germany
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Divine Right of Kings
Once you get past the divine right of kings, Im
not much into theology"
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Early Middle Ages

• Early form of Divine Right of Kings
• Lay Investiture Controversy
• Popes many bishops function as Territorial
  Rulers
• Inheritance Disputes
• Simony

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Renewals Reforms in the Early Medieval Church

• Carolingian Reform (9th Century)
• Cluniac Reform (10th Century)
• Reforms started by Pope St. Leo IX (11th Century)
• Gregorian Reform Pope St. Gregory VII (11th
  Century)

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1,000 A.D. A New Sprit

• The early springtime of Christendom
• Invasions has ceased (except for Norman raids)
• Badly needed reforms had begun in the Church
• Nations were being organized under competent
  Christian kings
• Standard of living on the rise
• Church architecture reflected these changes
• One chronicler wrote
• One might have said that the whole world was
  shaking off the robes of age and pulling on a
  white mantle of churches.

Abbaye aux Dames, Caen, 1050 AD
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From the Ground Level

• Theologians denying the deposit of faith
• Heretical sects spreading
• Priests discarding celibacy
• Bishops buying their offices
• Popes either morally deficient or were met with
  indifference
• Lay interference

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The Move Toward Reform

• Wealth political importance caused
  ecclesiastical positions to be regarded as
  desirable sources or prestige power
• Spiritual character of offices obscured kings
  filled offices with unqualified laymen to gain
  favor or payment
• Vows of chastity poverty forgotten
• Growth of general sentiment among monks, rulers
  laity of what was wrong and a desire to root
  out evil
• This groundswell of indignation came to a head
  just as the papacy was ready to act
• Some outstanding, fearless figures rose up to
  demand reform and condemn the sins of both clergy
  and laity

A Cistercian (11th Century)
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Reform the Beginnings

• Monasteries too had fallen under the influence of
  the age -- 1st Step was a renewal of monastic
  fervor
• Reorganization of Benedictine life Cluny
  established (910) by William, Duke of Acquitane
• Camaldolese hermits by St. Romuald (1012)
• Vallumbrosan hermits by St. John Gualbery (1038)
• Alpine hospices by St. Bernard of Menthon (1008)
• Exerted a profound influence on Church life
• Rules reserved an ideal of law order during a
  period of civil wars social unrest
• By their austerities they made reparation for
  widespread sin
• They brought about a return to deeper spiritual
  life among both clergy and laity
• Prepared the way for the faithful to receive the
  grace needed to enact real reform based on prayer
  self-denial

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Councils Preachers

• Councils and preachers attached the evils of
  simony, breaches of vows of celibacy, and
  clerical worldliness
• The push, however, was to ensure only worthy
  candidates would be accepted into the priesthood
  and hierarchy
• 1st top-level reforms begun by Pope Leo IX (d.
  1054) and his immediate successor, Pope Nicholas
  II (d. 1061)

Pope St. Leo IX
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Growth of Papal PowerPope St. Gregory VII

• To free the Church from political control, Pope
  St. Gregory VII (1073-85) attacked 3 evils
• Simony buying and selling of ecclesiastical
  offices/spiritual goods
• Alienation of property the passing of Church
  property into the private hands of a bishops or
  priests offspring
• Lay investiture

Pope St. Gregory VII
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Growth of Papal PowerPope St. Gregory VII

• To restore the authority of the pope over the
  Church he
• Decreed that the pope held supreme power over all
  Christian souls the supreme judge under God
  alone (1075)
• Made all bishops and abbots subject to him
  declared his powers of absolution and
  excommunication were absolute. Dictatus Papae.
• Asserted papal authority over Emperor Henry IV.
• Established Roman Curia as the central organ of
  church government

Pope St. Gregory VII
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Catholic Thought Culture

• St. Peter Damien (d. 1072)
• Italian Benedictine monk unbending foe of
  corruption laxity
• Authored important works on liturgy moral
  theology
• Supported future Pope St. Gregory VII in his
  struggle for the rights of the Church

• St. Anselm of Canterbury (d. 1109)
• Archbishop of Canterbury, defended Churchs
  rights liberties against encroachments of
  English kings
• Philosopher theologian, developed a method of
  reasoning prepared the way for the great
  thinkers
• Devotion to Our Lady first to establish the
  feast of the Immaculate Conception in the West

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Catholic Thought Culture

• St. Wulstan (d. 1095)
• English monk bishop
• Relentless reformer enforcer of celbacy
• Ended the salve trade in England Ireland
• French Scholars
• Sylvester II (Gerbert of Aurillac), elected Pope
  in 999, was perhaps the greatest scholar of his
  time strong promoter of education, particularly
  among the clergy
• The Cluniac reformers also had a strong impact on
  monastic education relationship between morally
  good living good thinking
• Fulbert, student of Gerbert, bishop of Chartres,
  inspired teacher and reformer

St. Wulstan of Worcester
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Culture in Germany

• Hroswitha of Gandersheim (d. 1002)
• Nun poet 1st Christian dramatist 1st female
  historian
• Writings emphasized virtue and role of Our Lady
  as an ideal wrote in Latin

• Bl. Herman Contractus of Reichenau (d. 1054)
• Crippled scholar scarcely able to sit up or
  speak yet his knowledge was encyclopedic
• Authored numerous works of prose, poetry,
  mathematics, history
• Authored many hymns including the Salve Regina,
  still sung today

43
East-West Schism 1054 A.D.

• Remote causes Disagreements on Doctrine
  Authority
• Beginning Nicaea (325) Church formally defined
  important doctrines
• Disagreements often came from the East
  (Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople)
• Although Eastern Church (through Bishop of
  Constantinople) recognized Pope as successor of
  Peter and head of the whole Church, resentment
  arose sense that West dictated to East and
  there were often temporary estrangements

44
East-West Schism 1054 A.D.

• Remote causes National Churches
• Effects of various Eastern heresies and the
  consequent rise of national churches
• From the 5th Century Arianism, Nestorianism,
  Monophysitism initiated the separation and
  subdivision into more Eastern churches
• These became the national churches quite early
  on, preceding the Great Schism to come
• Coptic Churches of Egypt and Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
• Jacobite Churches if Syria and Armenia
• Nestorian Churches of Mesopotamia and Persia
  (Iraq Iran)

45
East-West Schism 1054 A.D.

• Remote Causes Iconoclast Crisis
• Icons stylized paintings of Christ, Mary the
  saints generally on wood (except for hands and
  face) and covered with a relief of pearls, silver
  gold
• Opposition to the veneration of icons initiated
  by Eastern emperors had two phases
• Begun by Emperor Leo the Isaurian in 728 ended
  in 787 when 2nd Council of Nicaea condemned the
  heresy allowed veneration of sacred images
• Began under Leo V in 814 ended in 842 when the
  Feast of Orthodoxy was established by Empress
  Theodora

46
East-West Schism 1054 A.D.

• Remote Causes Opposing Ecclesiologies
• Deeper level opposing views on the nature and
  structure of the Church
• Easts view incorporated into its view of the
  Church's union with the Empire saw, for example,
  relationships between bishops merely as
  administrative problems
• Over time Eastern Church focused on its autonomy
  within borders of Eastern Empire
• Western Church further defined its concept of the
  Primacy making it even more catholic (universal)
  and absolute

47
East-West Schism 1054 A.D.

• Prelude to the Schism
• Mid 9th Century St. Ignatius, Bishop of
  Constainople, denounced immorality of emperor.
  Ignatius was deposed and Photius replaced him
• 867 Photius summoned a synod attacked errors
  of Western Church excommunicated pope
• One of the errors was inclusion of words, and
  from the Son (Filioque) in Nicene Creed
• Council of Constantinople (381) had left question
  open Eastern Church preferred and through the
  Son.
• 10-year estrangement when Ignatius died in 877,
  Pope John VIII appointed Photius to vacant see
  (878) if Photius agreed to submit to Holy See in
  all matters and make reparations for his past
  errors. Photius remained faithful to the pope
  until his death.

Photius
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East-West Schism 1054 A.D.

• The Schism
• In 1043 the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael
  Cerularius, rivived Photius old charges and
  added some new ones
• He began a major anti-Roman campaign, closing
  Latin-rite churches and attacking the papacy
• Pope Leo IX sent delegates to Constantinople
  without success.
• On July 16, 1054 Michael Celularius was solemnly
  excommunicated
• Celularius responded by calling an Eastern synod
  and excommunicated the Pope and the entire Latin
  Church
• This began the schism that still divides the East
  from Rome

Michael Cerularius
49
East-West Schism 1054 A.D.

• The Aftermath
• After the schism, relations between the two
  Churches continued to disintegrate
• Despite the split Pope Urban II sought to help
  free Byzantine territory from the Muslim Turks
  and then regain the Holy Land from the Saracen
  Muslims by launching the first Crusade in 1096
• By the Fourth Crusade 1202-1204 the sack of
  Constantinople by Christian knights dealt the
  death blow to East-West unity
• Reconciliation attempts were made in 1274 at the
  Council of Lyons and again in 1438-49 at the
  Council of Florence -- both were unsuccessful

Pope Urban II
50
East-West Schism 1054 A.D.

• The Aftermath
• Church of Constantinople other Eastern Churches
  banded together in a group known as the Orthodox
  Eastern Church in which the Patriarch of
  Constantinople held a kind of precedence
• The term Orthodox had originally been applied
  to Churches that accepted the Council of
  Chalcedon against the Nestorian and Monophysite
  heretics now it applied to Eastern Churches in
  schism with Rome
• After the fall of Constantinople (1453) Eastern
  Churches broke up into autonomous national
  Churches
• Grave consequences Church unity in the East
  suffered and gave rise to splintered Churches
  missionary work in Asia and Africa stopped the
  Church was confined to Europe until the 16th
  century
• In 1964 Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras
  met in Jerusalem and lifted the mutual
  excommunication orders of 1054. Dialogue
  continues.

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The Crusades Truth Fiction

• Much has been stated about the Crusades that is
  far from accurate
• There were both good and bad aspects to the
  Crusades we will address both
• The Crusades were a concerted effort to rescue
  the Holy Land from the hands of infidels
• Their results were mixed at best although some
  achieved considerable victories
• They did, however, unify Christians of different
  countries under a common banner and with a common
  sacred goal

52
The Crusades Remote Causes

• The Crusades finally began nearly five centuries
  after Muslim armies had set out to conquer the
  Christian world
• By the time the Crusades began (1095), Muslim
  armies had conquered two-thirds of the Christian
  world
• The Crusades began

• 457 years after Jerusalem was conquered
• 453 years after Egypt was taken
• 443 years after Italy was first plundered
• 380 years after Spain was conquered
• 363 years after France was attacked
• 249 years after Rome was sacked
• Only after centuries of church burnings,
  killings, enslavement and forced conversions of
  Christians

53
The Crusades Prelude

• During Charlemagnes time and afterwards
  Christian pilgrims could usually visit the Holy
  Land without too much interference. It was then
  ruled by the Caliphate of Egypt
• But in the 11th century things changed -- even
  before the Seljuk Turks conquered Jerusalem
  (1071), Christian pilgrims were harassed and
  killed
• In 1095 When the Seljuks threatened to attack
  Constantinople, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I asked
  the Pope to aid the Church and the Eastern Empire.

Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos
54
Pope Urban II's Speech Clermont, France in 1095
The Crusades Immediate Cause

• In 1094 or 1095, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I
  Komnenos asked the pope, Urban II, for aid
  against the Seljuq Turks, who taken nearly all of
  Asia Minor from him
• At the council of Clermont Urban addressed a
  great crowd and urged all to go to the aid of the
  Greeks and to recover Palestine from the rule of
  the Muslims
• The Popes summons brought thousands of
  Frenchman, Germans, English and Italians willing
  to go off on such a mission
• On their chests they bore a cross of red fabric
  and became known as crociati or Crusaders

55
1st Crusade 1095 AD
56
The Seven Crusades

• 1st Crusade 1095 Pope Urban II
• 2nd Crusade 1147 -- Pope Eugene III
• 3rd Crusade 1190 Richard Lionhearted
• 4th Crusade 1202 Sack of Constantinople
• 5th Crusade 1217-1221 Lateran Counsil
• 6th Crusade 1248 1248) St. Louis IX
• 7th Crusade 1270 St. Louis IX

57
The Siege of Jerusalem

• 1000s died during the siege, many innocents
• Yes there were Crusader atrocities no excuse but
  there were far greater ones by the Turks
• Crusaders were at the limit of their endurance,
  starving and dehydrated, and forced to endure
  systematic mockery of Christianity and murders of
  Christians by Muslims on the walls
• When siege broke, several commanders tried to
  restrain their men, but without unified command
  little could restrain the besiegers
• As bad as it was, it paled compared to what 1000s
  of Christians suffered at the hands of Muslim
  armies

58
The Crusades Providential Role

• Crusades played a providential role in the life
  of the Church even though sometimes diverted
  from their sacred purpose and misused by some
  participants
• Revealed the extraordinary spirit of faith that
  prevailed throughout Christendom in the Middle
  Ages
• At the Popes request, hundreds of thousands left
  all they had to face danger and death in distant
  lands in a noble effort to recover the sacred
  places where Jesus walked
• Crusades brought West back into contact with the
  Easts science, literature and art, opening up
  new worlds of thought for Western scholars
• Opened trade routes to the Orient, stimulated
  commerce
• Preserved the Church in the West from Islamic
  conquest, allowing Christian medieval culture
  time to develop in peace

59
The Crusades Orders of Knights

• Presence of Crusaders in the East led to the
  formation of religious orders of knighthood
• Knights Templars founded 1119 in Jerusalem
  lived under the Rule of St. Bernard took vows of
  poverty, chastity and obedience, plus a vow to
  protect pilgrims white mantle red cross
• Knights Hospitallers founded 1137 from the
  hospital of St. John at Jerusalem took the 3
  religious vows plus vow to care for sick became
  known as Knights of Malta black mantle white
  cross
• Teutonic Order of Knights founded 1190 at Acre
  took 3 religious vows plus another to care for
  sick white mantle black cross

60
New Religious Orders

• The Church was faced with the growing spiritual
  needs of an ever increasing number of members
• As people began to live in cities and towns, the
  mendicant orders became for them a means of
  salvation foremost were the Franciscans
  Dominicans
• Contemplative orders also grew substantially and
  it was in this period that the Carthusians and
  Cistercians came on the scene

61
New Religious Orders Contemplatives

• Carthusians
• Founded by St. Bruno of Cologne end of 11th
  century
• Prayer, manual work, study, perpetual silence,
  abstinence from meat
• Cistercians
• Founded by St. Bernard of Clairvaux in 1112
• Bernard considered the last Father of the Latin
  Church
• Canons Regular
• Combined the cloister with parish life

62
New Religious Orders Mendicants

• Franciscans
• Founded by Francis of Assisi (d. 1226)
  determined to follow ideal of evangelical poverty
• St. Clare Poor Clares in prayer and strict
  seclusion
• Approved by Pope Honorius III in 1223
• Dominicans
• Founded by St. Dominic (d. 1221) Friars
  Preachers conversion of heretics
• Approved by Pope Honorius III in 1216

• Carmelites Augustinians
• Other mendicant orders began to adapt rules to
  new modes of religious life
• Mendicants lived among faithful
• Friars made contemplation overflow into works of
  charity

63
Canon Law

• Canon Law had existed in various codes since
  Churchs beginning
• Their sources included Scripture church
  councils texts of the Church Fathers (patristic
  writings) Roman Law papal documents.
• During the 9th Century numerous codes were
  published based on forged documents designed to
  support certain corrupt behaviors
• The Church-wide reforms of the 11th Century also
  led to reforms in Canon Law to counteract
  corruption and abuses

64
Canon Law

• As they struggled to justify their vision of the
  Church, reformers realized that the Church needed
  a body of law that would be recognized throughout
  Christendom.
• They also realized there should be a central
  authority with the power to modify and change law
  when needed. Ultimately they recognized that the
  papacy should be the center of that reform

• The eleventh-century canonists emphasized papal
  judicial and legislative primacy as it had never
  before in the canonical tradition. They created a
  new Petrine ecclesiology.

65
Canon Law

• Gratian of Bologna d. 1170? Father of Canon
  Law

• Gratian's Decretum quickly became the standard
  textbook of medieval canon law

Gratian
66
Canon Law

• Pope Gregory IX d. 1241 summoned Raymond of
  Pennafort to Rome in 1230 and asked him to
  compile a new codification that would replace all
  earlier collections of decretals with one volume
• Gregory promulgated the new collection in 1234
  and, along with Gratians Decretum, it became the
  most important collection of papal decretals in
  the schools and in the courts of Europe
• These codifications strongly supported papal
  authority
• Legalism within the Church was firmly established
  by the middle of the 13th century

Raymond of Pennafort
67
Rise of the University 1000 A.D.

• Cathedral Schools Monasteries were established
  mostly for the education of clerics and monks
  sometimes also open to sons of nobles.
• Preservation/copying of ancient manuscripts
  liturgical books Cluny Gregorian Reforms

Bologna
68
Abelard Flawed Superstar

• Teacher in Cathedral schools of Paris
• Students came from all over to study under him
  theology philosophy
• New approach in using principles of Greek logic
  dialectics to study matters of faith
• Wrote books on ethics, logic and universals
• Controversial in his approach to Scripture and
  theology, he was nevertheless the first of the
  great teachers of the 2nd millennium
• Scandal with his young student, Heloise, and
  their son, Astrolobus secret marriage. Later he
  became a monk and she a nun. Buried together.

Abelard
69
Bernard of Clairvaux

• Wanted to remain in his monastic cell, but kept
  encountering wrongs to right
• Revitalized the Cistercians sorted out a painful
  papal schism preached the 2nd Crusade advised
  Popes bluntly wrote wonderful works of mystic
  theology
• Accused of being puritanical, he strived for
  austerity in the Cistercians no distractions
• Called Abelards theology foolology secured
  Abelards condemnation at Counsil of Sens (1141)
• Was reconciled with Abelard by Abbot Peter the
  Venerable of Cluny

Bernard of Clairvaux
70
Intellectual Life in the High Middle Ages

• Rediscovery of the writings of Aristotle
  (monasteries Arabic sources)
• Slow/gradual process many church leaders
  resisted newer methods -- truth comes from God's
  revelation, not human reason

• Foundation of independent Universities in Bologna
  (1088), Paris (1150), Oxford (1167), Cambridge
  (1208), Salamanca (1218), etc.
• Establishment of four separate/specialized
  faculties theology, philosophy, law, and
  medicine

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The Scholastics (Schoolmen)

• These medieval intellectuals presupposed the
  compatibility of faith reason, uniting
  philosophy theology thereby unifying the
  accummulated knowledge up to this time

• St. Bonaventure, OFM (1221-74), thought that the
  human will was more important than the human
  intellect

• Thomas Aquinas, OP (1225-74), the most
  influential of all Christian theologians
  comprehensive systemic "Thomism"

St. Bonaventure
St. Thomas Aquinas
72
The Scholastics (Schoolmen)

• Examples of applying scholastic thinking to
  religious questions

• What is a sacrament? How do they convey grace?
  How many are there?

• How can one explain the "real presence" of Jesus
  in the Eucharistic bread wine?
  (transubstantiation)