Words for Production

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Words for Production
1. introductory Intr1dkt1rI adj. giving
basic knowledge or information at the beginning
of an essay or a book intended as an
introduction to an activity or a subject for
someone who is experiencing or studying it for
the first time ???,??????,??? This book
includes an introductory chapter (?) that
explains the goals of the research. For students
who are interested in the human mind and human
behavior, an introductory course in psychology
can be a good choice.
??
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• 1. introductory adj. 1) ???,???
  2) ???,??? 3)
  (???)???
• 1) ? The speaker made an introductory remark
  before giving her speech.
• (???,??)
• 2) ? In the introductory class, the swimming
  coach will teach the kids how to hold their
  breath underwater.
• 3) ? By the end of July, customers can buy this
  new flavor of the ice cream at an introductory
  price. (???)

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Words for Production
2. essay Ese n. C a short piece of writing
by a student on a specific subject
(????)??,?? For homework, each of us has to
write an essay on George Bernard Shaw.
??
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3. mass m8s n. sing. (the ) most of the people
in a group, a society, or a country n. C (usu.
sing.) a large amount of something
???(??)??,?? The idea of raising fuel prices
is strongly opposed by the mass of the people in
the country. There is a mass of information
about healthy diet in this magazine. You will
learn a lot after you read it.
??
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• ? mass adj. ???,???
• ? Mass production of cars has lowered the price.
  (????)
• ? Mass education is of critical importance to a
  countrys development. (????)

mass transit ????the mass media ??????mass
murderer ???????
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Words for Production
4. desperation dEsp1reS1n n. U the feeling
of having no hope and being eager to do something
to change a bad situation ??,???? In/our
of desperation, the man jumped out of the window
to escape from the burning apartment.
??
????
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• 4. desperation n. U ??,???? ? Jason had no
  choice but to turn to crime out of sheer
  desperation.
• (??????) ?In desperation, the man not
  having a bean sold his family heirloom at a
  low price to pay off his debt. (????)

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desperate dEsprIt adj. ??? Having waited
outside the emergency room for hours, the
patients family are getting desperate.
??
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• ? desperate adj. 1) ??? 2) (?????)????? 3)
  (??)??? 4) ????,????
• 1) ? With the rescue time running out, families
  of the mudslide victims are becoming
  increasingly
• desperate. ? With the patients
  condition worsening, his desperate
  family are discussing his funeral.2) ? The
  hostage had made a desperate attempt/effort to
  escape.3) ? The material girl decided to
  abandon her boyfriend when he was
  financially desperate. ? More often than not,
  orphans are in desperate need of love
  and care.4) ? The worker was desperate for a
  holiday after ten days work. (????)
  ? I am desperate to share the good news with
  everyone.
• (??)

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Words for Production
5. valuable v8lj1bL adj. (of time) important
because its limited very helpful, useful, and
important worth a lot of money (??)???????,????
???,???? If we plan out the meeting,
valuable time can be saved. Ms. Fuller has
gained a lot of valuable experience and learned
several useful lessons from her job. The rich
man locked all his valuable jewelry in a safety
deposit box (???) in the bank.
??
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• ? valuables n. pl. ????
• ? You had better put your valuables in a safe so
  that a thief would have difficulty taking them
• away.
• Mr. Wangs house was broken in and all the
  valuables inside were stolen.
• value vt. 1) ?? 2) ??
• 1) ? The liberal ruler values his peoples
  opinions very much.? Kelly values her
  teachers advice and always follows it.
• 2) ? The broker valued the luxurious house at ten
  million dollars. (????)

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• value n. U 1) ?? 2) ??? 1) ? The value of
  the antique vase is going up
  gradually.
• 2) ? This research was of great value to
  doctors working with this disease.
  (???)

market value ?? street value ????face value
?????????
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Words for Production
6. procrastination prokr8st1neS1n n.
U the act of delaying something that should
have already been done, usually because someone
doesnt want to do it ??,??
Procrastination is the main reason why Simon
never finishes his assignments on time.
??
????
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• 6. procrastination n. U ??,??? Procrastination
  makes people do yesterdays work today, and
  todays work tomorrow.

?????????? punctuality ?? feasibility ???
self-discipline ???? ahead of schedule
(??)?? on/behind schedule ????/??
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procrastinate prokr8st1net vi. ??,?? When
faced with important tasks, we should take
immediate action rather than procrastinate.
??
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• ? procrastinate vi. ??,?? ( put off) ?
  Mostly, we procrastinate when faced with
  something we dont want to do, for example
  going to a dentist.

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procrastinator prokr8st1net2 n. C
(??)???? Dont be such a procrastinator. Begin
your English essay now.
??
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• ? procrastinator n. C (??)???? ? Ed is the
  last person to be called a procrastinator
  he always gets things done right away.

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Words for Production
7. extreme Ikstrim adj. very great in
degree ???,??? Please handle this box with
extreme care. There are wine glasses in it.
??
????
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• 7. extreme adj. 1) ???,??? 2) ???,???? 3) ???
  (? moderate)
• 1) ? The floor being wet, you should walk with
  extreme care. ? When Ian fell off the tree,
  he first felt extreme pain in his head and
  then fainted.
• 2) ? She went to extremes to avoid seeing him.
• 3) ? Chandler is an irrational person who always
  gives extreme opinions.

extreme sports ????(????????)extreme athlete
??????????
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extreme Ikstrim n. C ??,?? Rose eats
vegetables only. At the other/ opposite extreme,
her brother cant live without meat.
??
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Words for Production
8. proportion pr1porS1n n. C a part of
something n. U the relationship between two
things in amount, size, etc. ???? A large
proportion of the students in this school like to
wear school uniforms, while the rest do not.
There are sixty men and thirty women working in
the office. The proportion of males to females is
two to one.
??
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• 8. proportion n. 1) C ?? 2) U ??
• 1) ? A large proportion of the students
  enroll in college after graduation.
  Few of them go to work.2) ? Dora was
  selected as the carnival queen because
  her features were perfectly in proportion.
  (??,????) ? The payment is in proportion
  to/with the work done, not in proportion
  to the time spent. (????)

out of proportion with/to ????? The dogs big
head is out of proportion with/to its tiny
body.
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Words for Production
9. panic p8nIk n. UC (usu. sing.) a
sudden, strong feeling of anxiety or fear that
makes someone unable to think calmly or clearly
??,?? The residents of the town were in a
state of panic when the mudslide occurred.
When Jane gets into a panic, she forgets what she
wants to say.
??
????
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• 9. panic n. UC (usu. sing.) ??,??
• ? All the customers felt panic when the fire
  alarm at the supermarket went off.
• ? When the fire broke out, everyone ran out of
  the building in a panic. (????)
• ? Paul got into/in a panic in the house on
  fire and forgot to call the fire department.
  (????)

panic attack ??? panic room ???panic button
????panic buying/selling ????/??
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• fear????????,??????????????fright??????,???
  ????alarm???????????????panic?????????,?????????
  ?????terror???????????horror?????????????????

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panic p8nIk vi. (panicked, panicked,
panicking) ???? Dont panic during an
earthquake. If you are indoors, keep calm and
stay away from windows.
??
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Words for Production
10. irrational Ir8S1nL adj. not using
clear thinking or reason ????,???? I know
this sounds ridiculous, but I have an irrational
fear of dogs.
??
????
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• 10. irrational adj. ????,????
• ( unreasonable, ? rational)
• ? My grandmother has never traveled abroad
  because she has an irrational fear of
  taking planes. (??????) ? I cant
  believe that Felix made such an irrational
  decision. He should have looked before he
  leaped.

??ir?????????,???????r????????,????????????,
?? regular ? irregular ????? relevant ?
irrelevant ????? resistible ? irresistible
?????? responsible ? irresponsible ?????
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rational r8S1nL adj. (??????)?????,??? The
doctors explanation for my headaches seemed to
be rational, so I chose to take his advice.
??
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Words for Production
11. tick tIk vi. (of a clock or a watch) to
make a short, light sound every second
(???)???? It was so quiet in the
room that I could hear my clock ticking.
??
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11. tick vi. (???)???? ( tick away) ?
Gabriel couldnt fall asleep because the old
clock ticked loudly.

• tick away/by/past (??)??,??? Isaiah had to get
  to the train station by noon, and the
  minutes were ticking away/by/past.
• tick sb off ??????? ( tell sb off)? The
  teacher ticked the students off when she found
  them nodding off in class again.
• what makes sb tick (infml.) ?????????? Jane
  insists on taking a shower three times a day. I
  think I will never understand what makes her
  tick.

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Words for Production
12. furthermore f3D2mor adv. (fml.) in
addition to something that has just been
mentioned??,?? The apartment was too big
for Gladys. Furthermore, she couldnt afford the
rent.
??
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• 12. furthermore adv. (fml.)
• ??,?? ( moreover) ? The house is too
  small for my family furthermore, it is
  far from downtown.

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Words for Production
13. pit pIt n. C a large, deep hole in the
ground ??,?? Watch out for the pit in
the forest. If you fall into it, you wont be
able to climb out.
??
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Words for Production
14. trap tr8p vt. (trapped, trapped, trapping)
to be unable to escape from an unpleasant
situation to prevent someone from escaping from
a dangerous place ?????,????????(????)
Mr. Fleming felt trapped in his job. He thought
it was boring, but he needed the pay to support
his family. In Taiwan, when there are
people trapped in the fire, we call 119.
??
????
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trap tr8p n. C (?????)?? Today, more and
more graduates are caught in the
unemployment/debt trap. Its time the government
did something about this.
??
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• ? trap n. C 1) (?????)?? 2) ??,?? 1) ?
  Marriage seems to be a trap to Rebecca.
  She can no longer do whatever she likes.
  ? Many recent graduates have fallen into the
  trap of being well educated but
  underpaid. (????) 2) ? A beautiful
  woman set a trap for Thomas, trying to
  cheat him out of his fortune.
• (????)

rat trap ???speed trap ?????death trap
????,????fire trap ???????????tourist trap
????,????????
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Words for Production
15. rob rAb vt. (robbed, robbed, robbing) to
take away something that someone deserves or
needs, such as a quality, an ability, an
opportunity, etc. to steal money or property
from a person, a bank, or a store, usually using
violence ??,???(?????????)??,?? The car
accident made the little girl an orphan and
robbed her of a happy childhood. On his way
home from work, the unfortunate man was robbed of
his car, cell phone, and money.
??
????
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• 15. rob vt.
• 1) ??,???(?????????) ( deprive) 2) ??,??
  1) ? The kidnapper robbed the victim of his
  freedom, and of his dignity as well.
  ? Jacks consuming passion for Lora had
  robbed him of his reason. (?????)
  2) ? That man was accused of robbing a bank and
  injuring several bank clerks.
  ? The masked man robbed the lady of her money
  and then ran away. (??)

rob????????????,?rob a man?rob a
bank,???????????????????????????????rob sb of
sth??,?????????deprive sb of sth?rid sb/sth of
sth?strip sb/sth of sth??
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robbery rAb1rI n. C ??,??? The couple
stated that although they had committed three
armed robberies, they hadnt hurt anybody.
??
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• ? robbery n. C ??,??? ? The bank hired guards
  to prevent robberies.

??ery?ry???????,???????,?? rival ?
(sibling) rivalry ?? ?brave ? bravery ???
mock ? mockery ??? slave ? slavery ????
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• 16. deadline n. C ????,???? ? Henry cant
  meet the deadline. He is unable to
  complete the assignment on time. (??????)
  (? miss a deadline)

set/impose a deadline ????tight/strict deadline
??????? work to a deadline finishby a deadline
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Words for Production
17. grasp Gr8sp vt. to understand something,
especially something difficult to take hold of
someone or something tightly ??,????,??
Luke didnt grasp the meaning of the poem, but
after he did some research on it, he was able to
understand it. The police officer grasped
the thief by the arm and wouldnt let go.
??
????
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• 17. grasp vt. 1) ??,??
• 2) ??,?? ( grip) 1) ? It
  took the slowwitted kid several hours
  to grasp the complex idea. 2) ? The man grasped
  the girl by the arm, not letting her
  leave the room.

grasp at sth 1) ????(???)
2) ????(??)1) ? The businessman grasped at
every chance which may help him make a
big profit.2) ? Seeing the thief was about to
run away, Vivian grasped at his coat.
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grasp Gr8sp n. sing. ??,????,?? Emma has a
good grasp of the history of World War II. She
knows how one event led to another. The baseball
slipped from the pitchers grasp and fell to the
ground as he was going to throw it.
??
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• ? grasp n. sing. 1) ??,?? ( understanding)
  2) ??,?? ( grip)
  3) ??,??1) ? After my science
  teachers logical explanation, I had a
  good grasp of what causes a tsunami.
  (???,???????) ? The complicated
  philosophical issue was beyond the
  grasp of a fouryearold child.
  (???????)2) ? Little Wyatts mother asked him
  to take a tight grasp on her hand
  because there were too many people in
  the department store. (??)3) ? The slaves tried
  to escape from the grasp of their
  master.

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Words for Production
18. promptness prAmptnIs n. Uthe state of
being at the arranged time ?? The
delivery company promises promptness to its
customers Packages sent in the morning will be
received by the addressee in the afternoon.
??
????
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prompt prAmpt adj. (??)??????,??? The
ceremony will start at exactly six oclock in the
evening. Please be prompt. The rescue team took
prompt action and successfully saved the man from
drowning in the lake.
??
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• ? prompt adj. 1) (??)??? ( punctual)
  2) ???,??? ( immediate)
• 1) ? Ted has never been late for school. He is
  always prompt.2) ? Miss Lin gave her
  student a prompt reply to his
  question. ? Dr. Carter provided Erika with
  prompt care, trying to bring her back to
  consciousness as soon as possible.
• ? prompt adv. (infml.) ??? (???sharp) ? Andy
  arrived at 12 oclock prompt.
• (??)

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Words for Production
19. doom dum vt. to make certain that someone
or something will die, fail, suffer, etc.
??,??(??????) All humans are doomed to
die. No one can escape death.
??
????
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• 19. doom vt. ??,??(??????) ? Despite advanced
  medical science, humans are doomed to
  death/die.
• (???) ? The idea for the new
  business was not good. In fact, it seemed
  to be doomed to failure. (????)

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Words for Production
20. prison prIzN n. C an unpleasant
situation or place from which it is difficult for
someone to escape n. U a place where people
are kept for breaking the law, or while they are
waiting for trial ??,?????????,??
To the young woman, the village has become a
prison. She wishes to leave it and see the
outside world. The man was sent to/was put in
prison for robbing a bank.
????
??
????
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20. prison n. 1) C ??,???????
2) U ??,?? ( jail)1) ? The classroom
seems to be a prison for these
energetic boys.2) ? There used to be prison on
Alcatraz Island. It held many notorious
criminals and has been open to tours
nowadays.

• be in prison ??
• prison officer/warder ??
• be released from prison ??
• prison camp ???,???
• escape from prison ??,??
• be sent to/ be put in/ go to prison ??

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prisoner prIzN2 n. C ??,?? The prisoner
regretted her life of crime. She promised that
she would never commit another crime if she had a
chance to get out of prison.
??
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• ? prisoner n. C ??,?? ? As one of the leaders
  of Tiananmen Square protest of 1989,
  Wuerkaixi is a political prisoner in
  mainland China. (???)

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Words for Recognition
1. eyelid aIlId n. C one of the two
pieces of skin covering ones eye when it is
closed??
??
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1. eyelid n. C ?? ? The exhausted runner
was quite sleepy, and his eyelids began
to droop.

• without blinking an eye/eyelid/eyelash
• ???????,????
• ? Frank listened to the ridiculous story without
  blinking an eyelid.

pupil ?? eyeball ?? eyesight ??
eyebrow ?? eyelash ??? shadows ???
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Words for Recognition
2. droop drup vi. to move or hang
downward??,??
??
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• 2. droop vi. 1) ??,?? 2) (??)?? 1) ? The girls
  head drooped when the teacher scolded
  her for failing the test. 2) ? It hasnt rained
  a drop for a week, so the plants start
  to droop for lack of water.

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Words for Recognition
3. Henry David ThoreauhEnrI devId Toro n.
an American writer and thinker, whose
thoughts greatly influenced Mahatma
Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., and other
political figures ?? (1817-1862)
??
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• 3. Henry David Thoreau n. ??
• ???1817????????????????(Concord)????????
  ?,???????,?????????????1845?,????????????(Walden
  Pond)???,???????????????????????????????????????
  ??,??????????,??????????????????,?????????????????
  ???1847?,????????,????,??????????????????????????
  ????(Excursions)???????(The Maine
  Woods)????(Cape Cod)??

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• ??????1960?????????,????????????(radicalism)?
  ???????????????1970???????????,?80?????90?????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????,?????
  ???????1970?,???????????????(Nathaniel
  Hawthorne)???????????,?????????????????

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Words for Recognition
4. escalator Esk1let2 n. C a moving
staircase that takes people to different levels
or floors in a building ???
??
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4. escalator n. C ??? ? Feeling tired, we
took the escalator instead of running up
the stairs.

• chairlift ????
• elevator ?? (???lift)
• dumb waiter (????)?????

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Words for Recognition
5. spurt sp3t n. C a sudden increase in
emotion, effort, etc.(???????)??
????
??
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• 5. spurt n. C (???????)?? ? David shouted at
  his girlfriend in a spurt of anger as he
  found that she had ignored him for a while.
• ? spurt 1) vi. ??,?? 2) vi. ??,????
  1) ? I hit against the wall, and blood spurted
  from my nose. 2) ? The energetic boy
  spurted to top of the steps, panting
  for breath.

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Idioms and Phrases
1. put something off to delay doing
something ??,?? We have midterm exams this
week, so lets put the class picnic off until
next weekend.
??
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1. put something off ??,?? ( postpone,
delay) ? Since it is raining heavily, the
referee has decided to put off the
baseball game until tomorrow.

• put sb off 1) ???,???
• 2) ??,???
• 1) ? Although the girl is attractive, her bad
  manners always put others off.
• 2) ? The mother asked her little boy not to put
  off his sister while she was studying.

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Idioms and Phrases
2. a matter of something (of seconds, hours,
days, etc.) a short period of time ?????
The Mexican restaurant is just around the corner.
You can reach it on foot in a matter of minutes.
??
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2. a matter of something ????? ? The
crossword puzzle was so easy that it was
solved in a matter of seconds.

• a matter of life and death ??????
• (as) a matter of course ??,??
• ? Phoebe treated her younger sister to dinner as
  a matter of course.
• a matter of time ?????,????
• ? Dont worry. You will get a promotion sooner
  or later. Its just a matter of time.

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Idioms and Phrases
3. run out to use up something??,??
Id better hurry up and finish the meal because
Im running out of time.
??
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3. run out 1) ??,?? 2) ??,?? ( expire)1) ?
After spending a lot of money remodeling his
office, the businessman realized that
he was running out of money. ? The young
mother ran out of patience and yelled at her
naughty child.2) ? My visa will run out
next month, so I have to apply for a new
one.

• run out of sth ??(??),??(??)
• ? We need to refill the gas tank before we run
  out of gas.
• run out on sb (??????)??,??
• ? Jamie ran out on her husband when he was broke.

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Idioms and Phrases
4. sum (something) up to state briefly the
main point(s) of something again ??,????
In the essay, the student gave several examples
to illustrate her points and then summed up her
ideas in the concluding paragraph.
??
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• 4. sum (something) up ??,????
• ( summarize) ? The chairman summed up what
  we had agreed at the end of the
  discussion. ? After giving full details about
  the plan, the president summed up all the
  arguments in a few words.
• ? sum n. C 1) ??,?? 2) ??,?? 1) ? The couple
  spent huge sums of money on the new
  house. (???) 2) ? The sum of 6 and 5 is 11.

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Idioms and Phrases
5. leave something to be desired to be
unacceptable or unsatisfactory ???? To
the audiences great disappointment, the troupes
performance tonight left something to be desired.
??
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• 5. leave something to be desired ????
• (? leave nothing to be desired)? My brother
  has just learned painting. Its not
  surprising that his paintings leave something to
  be desired.? The service in the hotel
  leaves something to be desired. No wonder
  the number of its guests
• decreases day by day.

??leave something to be desired??something???a
lot?much??,?? The trainees performance left
something/a lot/ much to be desired.
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Idioms and Phrases
6. get down to something to start to do
something seriously?????(??) Jason fooled
around all day, and it was not until 10 p.m. that
he finally got down to his chemistry assignment.
??
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6. get down to something ?????(??) ?
Vincent finally got down to thinking about his
future after he obtained his masters
degree. ? Its time to stop fooling around
and get down to your work!

• get sb down ???????? ( depress sb)
• ? Kaden refused the girls invitation, which
  really got her down.
• get sth down 1) ???? ( swallow sth)
• 2) ??,???? ( note/take/write sth down)1) ?If
  you have a splitting headache, get this pill
  down. It will ease your pain in seconds.2) ?
  The journalist got down every word that the
  politician said during the interview.

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Idioms and Phrases
7. take up something to fill or use a
particular amount of time or space??(?????)
The sofa took up too much space in the living
room, so my mother replaced it with a smaller one.
??
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• 7. take up something
• 1) ??(?????) ( occupy) 2) ???????,???? 3)
  ??(?????) 4) ??????? ( pick sth up)
• 1) ? The large Christmas tree took up a lot
  of space in the living room.2) ? Jim
  took up keeping a diary when he was in
  senior high school.3) ? The boss took up the
  advice and decided to recruit more
  designers.
• 4) ? The lecturer took up the class after a
  short break.

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Idioms and Phrases
8. for (so) long for a long time??????
I havent seen Betty for so long that I doubt if
she can still recognize me.
??
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• 8. for (so) long ?????? ? I have been waiting
  here for my friend for so long that I fell
  asleep.

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Idioms and Phrases
9. catch up on something to do something that
someone should have done already to find out
what has happened, especially when someone is not
around ??(???????)??(???????) After Mr.
Wheeler got back from his vacation, he had a lot
of paperwork to catch up on at the
office. Rachael turned on the TV to catch up on
the news after she returned home from Germany.
??
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• 9. catch up on something
• 1) ??(???????) 2) ??(???????) 1) ? Since
  Edward went to bed late last night, he
  needed to catch up on sleep this
  morning. 2) ? After the separated couple finally
  got together, they had much to catch up
  on.

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Idioms and Phrases
10. on top of something in control of
something in addition to something ??,??????
It takes time to learn how to stay on top of
things, especially when you are not familiar with
the work. Nikki got up late and missed the
school bus this morning. On top of that, she
forgot the library books that were due today.
??
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• 10. on top of something 1) ??,?? 2) ???? (
  in addition to) 1) ? The supervisor worked
  diligently to be on top of
  everything. 2) ? The girl lost her way and on
  top of that, she didnt have her cell
  phone with her. ? Bruce writes
  for the newspaper on top of his
  regular job.

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Idioms and Phrases
11. have yet to do something to have not
yet done something that should have been
done?????(???????) The jury has yet to
announce the winner of the competition, so now
all that the contestants can do is wait.
????
??
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• 11. have yet to do something
• ?????(???????) ? Kitty has yet to finish
  her homework, so she is not allowed to
  watch TV. ? The actor has been nominated three
  times for the Academy Awards but
  has yet to win one.

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Word File
I. Quotes about time

1. Time is free, but its priceless. You cant own
   it, but you can use it. You cant keep it, but
   you can spend it. Once youve lost it, you can
   never get it back. Harvey MacKay
2. Time is more valuable than money. You can get
   more money, but you cannot get more time.
   Jim Rohn

92
Word File
I. Quotes about time
3. You may delay, but time will not.
Benjamin Franklin 4. We say we waste time, but
that is impossible. We waste ourselves.
Alice Bloch 5. Time and tide wait for
no man. Mark
Twain
??
93

• ? Never leave that till tomorrow which you can do
  today.
• -Benjamin Franklin (???,????)
• ? Time is the coin of your life. It is the only
  coin you have, and only you can determine how it
  will be spent. Be careful lest you let other
  people spend it for you. -Carl Sandburg
  (??????????????????,???????????????????,
  ???????????)
• ? We must use time as a tool, not as a crutch.
• -John F. Kennedy
• (???????????,??????)(? ??????????,???????)
• ? Men talk of killing time, while time quietly
  kills them.
• -Dion Boucicault
• (?????????,??????????????)

94

• ? Time is the school in which we learn time is
  the fire in which we burn. -Delmore Schwartz
  (?????,????????????,????????)
• ? You must have been warned against letting the
  golden hours slip by but some of them are golden
  only because we let them slip by. -James M.
  Barrie
• (???????????????????????????????????? ??)
• ? Better three hours too soon than a minute too
  late. -William Shakespeare (?????????????)
• ? Those who make the worst use of their time are
  the first to complain of its shortness. -Jean de
  La Bruyère
• (??????????,?????????)

95
Word File
II. The suffix -ward(s)
The suffix -ward(s) can be used to form an
adjective or adverb. It means moving in or in
the direction of something.
downward ?? earthward ??? sunward ?? backward
??? windward ??? homeward ?????
????
??
96

• ??ward???????????,????????????????,??????
  ??wards,?
• ? in ? inward(s) ???(?)? left ? leftward(s)
  ???(?)? sky ? skyward(s) ???(?)? east ?
  eastward(s) ???(?)? land ? landward(s) ???(?)?
  river ? riverward(s) ???(?)