Napoleon

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Napoleons Reign
2
The Revolution is over . . .
I am the Revolution.

• What does the quote mean? What does it reveal
  about Napoleon?

3
Think About This Quote---After We Are Done I Will
Ask You If You Agree---Why or Why Not?

• "I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order
  out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of
  birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I
  abolished feudalism and restored equality to all
  regardless of religion and before the law. I
  fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime
  because the alternative was the destruction of
  all this. I purified the Revolution.
• Napoleon Bonaparte

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Early Life

• Born (1769) in Corsica to poor family
• Character traits from the Enlightenment
• Creative, scientific, non-traditional, liberal
• The ideas of the philosophes influenced his
  government, religion, law, education, and economy
  reforms.

5
Discrimination Napoleon Faced In Military School
Because He Was Corsican

• Corsicans were thought of as lower people and
  Napoleon's Corsican decent could have hindered
  his advancements because of stereotypes such as
  they were dirty and poor islanders with no
  education or class.
• Also Corsican society had very different ideals
  and values from those of Paris which people
  sometimes associated Napoleon with even though he
  moved to Paris when he was nine years old.
• It was also easy for people to realize that
  Napoleon was an islander because of his accent.
• He was so worried about being accepted by the
  people of Paris that he even changed the spelling
  of his from Buonaparte to Bonaparte to give it a
  French rather than Italian pronunciation.
  (Erickson 140)
• This is why his marriage to Josephine later on
  would make it easier for him to rise politically.

6
Early Life

• Napoleon was commissioned as a lieutenant in the
  French army.
• He was not popular with his fellow officers.
• He was able to inspire and motivate the troops
  under his command.

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Early Life

• Studied French philosophy
• Analyzed famous military campaigns and strategy
• Studied the use of artillery in the army.

• The revolution provided Napoleon with the perfect
  opportunity to take advantage of his knowledge
  and talents.

8
Military Successes

• Napoleon rose quickly through the ranks of the
  French army.
• By age 26 he was the Commander of the French
  armies in Italy.

9
Military Successes

• Italian Campaigns

The Treaty of Campo Formio Took Austria out of
the war and placed all of Italy and Switzerland
under French control. It made Napoleon a
national hero in France.
In a series of lighting quick victories Napoleon
crushed the Austrian armies in Italy. On his own
initiative he concluded the Treaty of Campo
Formio with Austria, against the wishes of the
government in Paris.
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Impact of Josephine

• Josephine Bonaparte had an immense impact on her
  husband Napoleon, assisting him to his rise to
  one of the greatest political powers and military
  leaders that Europe has ever seen.
• Josephine's social powers and great personality
  assisted and affected Napoleon.
• The emotional ties that bonded them greatly
  impacted Napoleon from day to day.
• It was also her opinions that influenced him, for
  he often listened to them and took them to heart.
  
• Napoleon remained grateful til the day he died
  for her "devotion and self-sacrifice" (Laing 193)
  and regretted divorcing her for the rest of his
  life.
• Josephine's good friend Claire Rémusat once said
  that "She (Josephine) acted as the original link
  between the French nobility and the Consular
  Government."(Laing 123).
• She would listen to their needs and tell Napoleon
  what she thought should be done to satisfy them
  fairly (Laing 124).
• When Josephine was Empress, Napoleon made it part
  of her job to enforce the newsocial code and it
  is said that he did this because many of the
  reforms sheherself had introduced (Erickson
  240).
• Napoleon had many great ideas and actions which
  Josephine often gave her input into and had an
  effect on the final result.

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Character Traits of Napoleon Also Found In
Dictators of 20th Century

• Impressive intellectual ability
• Could work 18 to 20 hours at a stretch without a
  break in concentration
• He was a typical man of the 18th century, a
  rationalist, a philosophe who placed trust in
  reason, in knowledge and in methodical effort
• He also had a love for action and boundless
  ambition.
• He had charisma and could move men to obedience,
  to loyalty, and to heroic acts.
• He was quite arrogant and manipulated people at
  will.
• He said, A man like me troubles little about the
  lives of a million men.
• From the Revolution, he learned that he must
  become a statesman and a tyrant to consolidate
  the Revolution and bind together the different
  social classes.
• Machiavelli, the author of The Prince, would have
  thought Napoleon was the perfect prince---the
  whole concept of the end justifies the means.
• Napoleon made it impossible for the Old Regime to
  be restored as it was.

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Napoleon was the first modern political figure to
use the philosophies of the Enlightenment combine
d with the idea of nationalism, and to back both
with military power and force in the service of
his own power and ambition.

• The Consulate had democratic principles and
  voting rights, however, Napoleon soon seized
  power for himself and was named the First Consul.
  

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• The truest conquests, the only ones that give
  rise to no regrets, are those gained over
  ignorance. The most honorable as well as the
  most useful activity of nations is to contribute
  to the advancement of human knowledge. The real
  strength of the French Republic should henceforth
  lie in its determination to possess every new
  idea, without a single exception.
• Napoleon Bonaparte
• (upon his election to the National Institute of
  France)

15
"A man will fight harder for his interests than
for his rights."

• Napoleon, quoted in Thorpe, Scott, How to Think
  Like Einstein, Barnes Noble Books, Inc., 2000,
  p.167.

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• Used----Propaganda
• Rhetoric of the Revolution
• Nationalism
• Force
• Combined these three into a
• mighty weapon for expansion of
• France and of his power was a
• model that future dictators
• Followed
• At 30, was a virtual dictator
• Was the end of the Revolution

17
Plebiscite(Napoleons Use of Democracy)
A direct vote by the people on a specific issue.

• Napoleon overthrew the Government (1799)
• 3,000,000 Approved
• 3,000 Disapproved
• Napoleon was named Emperor (1804)
• 3,500,000 Approved
• 2,600 Disapproved

He used rhetoric of Revolution to legitimize
his actions, but gave people very little choice.
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Why Napoleon Had Support

• The leading elements of the 3rd Estate
  (government officials, landowners, doctors,
  lawyers, bankers) had achieved most of their
  goals by 1799
• Had abolished hereditary privilege, allowing
  people of talent to achieve wealth and status
• Were not really excited about sharing wealth with
  the poor
• Peasants had also gotten what they wanted
• Got their land
• Got rid of feudal privileges
• People were tired of the chaos, and Napoleon
  appeared to be the man who would give them
  security now that their privileges were won

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Political Changes New Government Consulate

• Overthrew the corrupt Directory
• Suspended the legislative bodies
• Created a new government called that Consulate
  that ran for four years
• Wrote another new constitution-the fourth in ten
  years of revolution
• Executive branch consisted of three men called
  Consuls to serve for ten years
• Napoleon was First Consul and had the power to
  appoint the heads of seven ministries, all
  ambassadors, high military officers, and
  department heads.
• This was based upon the actions of Julius Caesar.

21
Napoleon as First Consul
22
Napoleon as First Consul

• With the government in disarray, Napoleon
  launched a successful coup d etat on November 9,
  1799.
• He proclaimed himself First Consul Julius
  Caesars title and did away with the elected
  Assembly appointing a Senate instead.
• In 1802, he made himself sole Consul for Life.
• Two years later he proclaimed himself Emperor.

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The Government of the Consulate

• Council of State
• Proposed the laws.
• Served as a Cabinet the highest court.
• Tribunate
• Debated laws, but did not vote on them.
• Legislature
• Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate
  them.
• Senate
• Had the right to review and veto legislation.

24
New Government Continued Legislative Branch

• Legislative branch made up of three houses
• The Tribunate
• a)100 members chosen to serve for five years
• b)discussed laws but did not vote on them
• The Legislature of Three Hundred
• a)voted on the laws but did not discuss them
• Senate
• a)reviewed the laws and could veto them
• Members of the legislative bodies were selected
  from a prepared list of a group of 80
  conservative senators selected by the
  Consuls---made the people think they had a say in
  the legislative branch, but there were no
  elections

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Quest to Conquer Europe

• Napoleonic Wars Begin
• Extension of wars fought during the French
  Revolution, would last a decade
• France dominant power in Europe
• French empire grew rapidly, but fell apart more
  quickly
• Nelson and British navy won Battle of Trafalgar
  off coast of Spain
• Napoleon defeated Russian and Austrian troops at
  Austerlitz

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The Creation of an Empire

• 1804-1814 Napoleon creates an empire by
  annexing territory
• Netherlands
• Belgium
• Parts of Italy
• Parts of Germany
• Napoleon cut Prussian territory in half
• Many countries signed treaties with France to
  avoid conflict
• Napoleon placed relatives on the thrones of
  several places to solidify his control

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Napoleonic Europe Continued

• In 1803, ended with war with England
• Fought the War of the Third Coalition where
  Napoleon
• a)Beat the Austrians at the Battle of Ulm
• b)Beat the Austro-Russian Army at Austerlitz
• c)Defeated the Prussians at Jena and marched
  into Berlin
• d)Defeated the Russians at Eylau and Friedland
• Made his brother Joseph the King of Naples
• Made his brother Louis the King of Holland
• Created the Duchy of Warsaw from land conquered
  from the Prussians.

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Napoleonic Europe
29
Napoleon Dominates Europe

• Mastered Most of Europe
• Through treaties, alliances, and victories in
  battle
• Controlled much of Europe by 1812

• Free of Control
• Great Britain remained an enemy
• Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire escaped
  Bonapartes grip

• Rewarded Relatives
• Relatives put in power brothers on thrones of
  Holland, Naples, and Sicily
• Sisters and stepson held powerful positions

30
Napoleons Empire

• Napoleon could put as many as 700,000 men under
  arms at one time, risk as many as 100,000 troops
  in a single battle, endure heavy losses, and
  return to fight again.
• He could conscript citizen soldiers in
  unprecedented numbers, thanks to their loyalty to
  the nation.

No single enemy could match such Resources, even
coalitions failed
31
Napoleons Family Rules!

• Jerome Bonaparte ? King of Westphalia.
• Joseph Bonaparte ? King of Spain
• Louise Bonaparte ? King of Holland
• Pauline Bonaparte ? Princess of Italy
• Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son)? King of
  Rome
• Elisa Bonaparte ? Grand Duchess of Tuscany
• Caroline Bonaparte ? Queen of Naples

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Next Political Cartoon Commenting On Napoleon

• TIDDY-DOLL,THE GREAT FRENCH GINGERBREAD BAKER,
  PREPARING A NEW BATCH OF KINGS. The maker of
  kingsThis famous caricature was both adapted
  and changed in France in 1815 and given the
  following titleFour des Alliés ou le Corse près
  à être cuit/ the Oven of the Allies or the
  Corsican ready to be baked (see C. Clerc, p. 247,
  n 119).
• Gillray's original print refers to the creation
  of the Rhine Federation in 1806 thanks to which
  Napoleon (who remains general Buonaparte for the
  English) put an end to the Holy Roman German
  Empire and created a series of allied Kingdoms of
  France Wurtemberg, Bavaria, Saxony, Westphalia.
• Criticism is addressed to the "usurper" and to
  the little kings of Germany baked by Napoleon
  alike.

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Council of State

• Contained men of high technical abilities
  supported by younger men to be trained in
  becoming higher civil servants
• By 1811, the Council of State was in charge of
  over 300 civil servants who supervised financial,
  legal, military, and domestic affairs
• This was the start of the French bureaucracy and
  still exists today.

35
Civil Code or Code Napoleon

• Created a uniform code of law
• Recognized the principles of equality before the
  law, freedom of thought, and the supremacy of the
  state---ORDER AND SECURITY----Hobbes
• There were regulations on all aspects of
  life---marriage, inheritance, property, etc
• One of the negatives was the power it gave to men
  over women.
• The Civil Code treated women as irresponsible
  minors.

36
Napoleonic Code

• Safeguarded all forms of property
• Employment was based on talent not birth
• Merit based pay
• Workers organizations were forbidden
• Men were granted extensive control of their
• families
• 5. Divorce was made difficult for women

• The code was a reform of civil law in France. It
  would eventually spread to the rest of Europe.

37
Code Napoleon, 1804

• It divides civil law into
• Personal status.
• Property.
• The acquisition of property.

• Its purpose was to reform the French legal code
  to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution.
• Create one law code for France.

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Napoleon and His Code---Propaganda
39
Napoleonic Code

• Made citizens equal in the eyes of the
  law---Equality
• Established religious tolerance---Liberty
• Advancement was based on merit---Fraternity
• Took rights away from womennow controlled by
  male guardians

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Code Napoleon

• All people were declared equal before the
  law.---Equality
• There were no longer special privileges for
  nobles, the clergy, or rich people.---FraternityF
  eudal rights were ended.---Fraternity
• Wives were not allowed to sell or give away
  property.

• Trial by jury was guaranteed.---Liberty
• Religious freedom was guaranteed.---Liberty
• Parents were given power over their children.
• Fathers were allowed to imprison their children
  for any time up to a month.

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Napoleon Wrote About The Civil Code

• My glory consists not of having won forty
  battles that which nothing will erase, that
  which will live eternally, is my Civil Code and
  the Minutes of the State Council."

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The Influence of the Napoleonic Code
Wherever it was implemented in the conquered
territories, the Code Napoleon swept away feudal
property relations.
44
Napoleon and Propaganda

• Bonaparte was not only a warrior he was also a
  shrewd propagandist.
• During his first campaign in Italy, he carefully
  crafted reports from the battlefield, designed to
  increase his glory while masking the ruthlessness
  with which he plundered the country.
• He created his own newspapers France and the
  Army of Italy, and The Newspaper of the Army of
  Italy, which exalted his victories.
• Bonaparte himself actually writes some articles.
  He himself wrote "Bonaparte flies like lightning
  and strikes like a thunderbolt."

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Napoleon and Propaganda

• He saw that his intelligence, his abilities were
  more than just military. Not only had he become a
  great general, but also possibly a future
  statesman. And everybody realizes it, not only in
  Italy, but in France too.
• His strategy included commissioning paintings of
  himself.
• He brilliantly created a mythical image of
  himself an infallible hero, destined by God to
  rule over France.

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• Napoleons first wife, Josephine de Beauharnais,
  aided her husbands career through her
  interpersonal skills and political connections.

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Napoleon and Propaganda

• He orders a painting after a victory. He dictates
  the theme, the layout of the characters. He even
  orders the dimensions of the frame.
• From the very beginning Napoleon gave himself an
  image. He created his own history.
• From his first triumphs, Bonaparte understood
  that its not enough to win victories.
• He uses images to make sure that his victories
  in Italy are widely publicized in France.

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Napoleon and Propaganda

• Although the Egyptian campaign was a military
  disaster, Napoleon was able to exploit the French
  people's fascination with the mysterious country
  to his advantage.
• He used the press to keep the campaign, and
  himself, in peoples minds.
• Street vendors in Paris sold pictures with palm
  trees, with pyramids, or with a general covered
  by plumes who harangues his troops and massacres
  the infidels.
• Paris theaters produced spectacles about the
  "Victory of the Pyramids."
• Paintings of the time show him returning to
  France, grandly victorious, with a star of
  destiny shining over his ship.
• By the time Napoleon returned to France from
  Egypt in August 1799, he was famous.

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Napoleon's Coronation Jacques Louis David
57
From Consul to Emperor
Napoleon placing the crown on his own head,
instead of being crowned by the head of the
Church (1804)
58
Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon the
Empress Josephine, 1806 by David
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Consul vs. Emperor

• Note the plainer appearance of Napoleon when he
  first became Consul, as compared to the much more
  grand scene of him once his imperial ambition had
  been revealed and he had seated himself as Emperor

61
Napoleon on Liberty versus Being Emperor

• I had been nourished by reflecting on liberty,"
  Bonaparte said, "but I thrust it aside when it
  obstructed my path."

62
Creating An Absolutist State

• 1804-Pushed a decree through making him Emperor
• Shrewdly kept universal suffrage, Council of
  State, and Legislative Branch
• Set up the Ministry of Police who used ruthless
  methods to destroy political opponents
• Imposed strict censorship on all critical
  writings

• Napoleon also controlled the press, dropping the
  number of newspapers in Paris from over sixty in
  1799 to four by 1814.
• Trial by jury was stopped
• Special courts were set up to deal with
  counterfeiting, smuggling, robbery, and rebellion
• Used branding, torture, and execution
• But because Napoleon was a dedicated leader who
  worked 18 hour days, listened to the advice of
  others, and provided political and economic
  stability, the people accepted all of
  this.This happens again with Hitler!

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Napoleon Primary Source Quotes

• It is not what is true that counts, but what
  people think is true.
• The ignorant class will no longer exercise their
  influence on making laws or on government.

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Political Changes in France Under Napoleon

• Consolidation of his own power
• Strengthening of the central government
• New slogans Order, Security, and Efficiency
• No longer Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

65
The Corsican Crocodile Dissolving The Council of
Frogs (State)

• Political Cartoon making criticizing Napoleons
  creation of an absolutist state.

66
The Imperial Image
67
Napoleon the Emperor
68
Napoleon on Rebuilding France

• "Now we must rebuild, and, moreover, we must
  rebuild solidly," said Napoleon to his brother
  Lucien the day after the coup d'etat which had
  overthrown the Directory and made him the
  temporary Dictator of France.

69
Economic Reforms

• Regulation of economy
• Encouraged new industry
• Regulated prices,
• Built canals and roads
• He reformed the French taxation system bringing
  to his imperial coffers almost 700 million francs
  annually.
• The sources for the money came from taxes on
  income and a series of levies on goods - such as
  wine, tobacco and salt.

70
Economic Tax Reform

• Most important of all the financial measures was
  the reorganization of the system of taxation. 
• The First Consul insisted that the taxes must
  meet the whole expense of the nation, save war,
  which must pay for itself and he so ordered
  affairs that never, after his administration was
  fairly begun, was a deficit known or a loan
  made. 
• This was done, too, without the people feeling
  the burden of taxation. 
• Indeed, that burden was so much lighter under
  his administration that it had been under the old
  regime, that peasant and workman, in most cases,
  probably did not know they were being taxed.

71
Economic Tax Reform

• Before 1789," says Taine, "out of one hundred
  francs of net revenue, the workman gave fourteen
  to his seignor, fourteen to the clergy,
  fifty-three to the state, and kept only eighteen
  or nineteen for himself. 
• Since 1800, from one hundred francs income he
  pays nothing to the seignor or the Church, and he
  pays to the state, the department, and the
  commune but twenty-one francs, leaving
  seventy-nine in his pocket."
• And such was the method and care with which this
  system was administered, that the state received
  more than twice as much as it had before. 
• The enormous sums which the police and
  tax-collectors had appropriated now went to the
  state. 
• Here is but one example of numbers which show how
  minutely Napoleon guarded this part of the
  finances.  It is found in a letter to Fouche, the
  chief of police
• "What happens at Bordeaux happens at Turin, at
  Spa, at Marseilles, etc.  The police
  commissioners derive immense profits from the
  gaming-tables.  My intention is that the towns
  shall reap the benefit of the tables.  I shall
  employ the two hundred thousand francs paid by
  the tables of Bordeaux in building a bridge or a
  canal. . . ."

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Napoleon on Regulating Taxation

• A great improvement was that the taxes became
  fixed and regular.
• Napoleon wished that each man should know what he
  had to pay out each year.  "True civil liberty
  depends on the safety of property," he told his
  Council of State.  "There is none in a country
  where the rate of taxation is changed every
  year.  A man who has three thousand francs income
  does not know how much he will have to live on
  the next year.  His whole substance may be
  swallowed up by the taxes."

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Napoleon and Taxes

• Nearly the whole revenue came from indirect taxes
  applied to a great number of articles. 
• In case of a war which did not pay its way,
  Napoleon proposed to raise each of these a few
  centimes. 
• The nation would surely prefer this, to paying
  it to the Russians or Austrians.  When possible
  the taxes were reduced.  "Better leave the money
  in the hands of the citizens than lock it up in a
  cellar, as they do in Prussia."
•  He was cautious that extra taxes should not come
  on the very poor, if it could be avoided. 
• A suggestion to charge the vegetable and fish
  sellers for their stalls came before him.  "The
  public square, like water, ought to be free.  It
  is quite enough that we tax salt and wine. . . .
  It would become the city of Paris much more to
  think of restoring the corn market."

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Economic Budget and Spending

• An important part of his financial policy was the
  rigid economy which
• was insisted on in all departments. 
• If a thing was bought, it must be worth what was
  paid for it. 
• If a man held a position, he must do its duties. 
• Neither purchases nor positions could be made
  unless reasonable
• and useful. 
• This was in direct opposition to the old regime,
  of which waste, idleness, and parasites were the
  chief characteristics. 
• The saving in expenditure was almost incredible.
•   A trip to Fontainebleau, which cost Louis XVI.
  four hundred thousand dollars, Napoleon would
  make, in no less state, for thirty thousand
  dollars.
•  The expenses of the civil household, which
  amounted to five million
• dollars under the old regime, were now cut down
  to six hundred thousand dollars.

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Napoleons View on Building Canals and Roads

• Constructing a canal----must complete it it
  cannot be left unfinished
• Once the course was defined, he required that the
  first stretch be opened entirely before
  continuing, without interruption, always taking
  care to finish what had been begun. 
• "It is better to be the possessor of a canal ten
  leagues long every ten years than to wait a
  century for a hundred-league canal to be
  completed."
• Another example opening a road--- The engineers
  must not tear up all the existing surface, but
  unroll the pavement one at a time over the
  surface to be graded.
• The completed part could then be used
  independently of the parts that remained to be
  done.
• This system was inspired by the conviction that
  the community should profit as quickly as
  possible from the money committed by the state.

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Canals Built By Napoleon

• - Saint-Quentin
• - From Escaut to the Somme
• - From Burgundy (begun under Louis XV, completed
  in 1832)
• From the Rance to the Vilaine
• - From the Baltic to the Seine
• - From Lübeck to Hambourg
• - From Nantes to Brest
• - From the Sambre to the Escaut
• From Niort
• Loire Lateral Canal
• - From the Rhine to the Rhone by the Doubs,
  linking the North Sea to the Mediterranean
• Plus a certain number of smaller canals
• Spent Fifty-five million francs
• almost a thousand miles of canals were built

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Napoleons Canals

• Napoleon had studied at the Ecole Militaire and
  while he was famously not from Paris, he
  understood the city.
• To keep Parisians fed so they wouldnt riot, he
  kept them employed.
• As the Depression proved in America, the best
  route to full employment is huge public works,
  followed by a major war. Napoleon did both.
• In Paris, he found that nothing keeps people
  happy like a large construction project the
  building of the canal was perfect for his
  purpose.
• Initially intended as a source of drinking water,
  this canal actually set in motion an entire
  architectural shift in northeastern Paris as the
  Industrial Revolution gained speed.
• Because of this convenient shipping lane
  connecting the Canal Saint-Denis (out in the
  suburbs) with the Canal Saint-Martin (inside the
  old walls of 18th-century Paris), Paris was able
  to set up important dockyards for sugar
  refineries, construction equipment, and every
  kind of light industry in the 10th, 11th, and
  19th arrondissements.

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Napoleons Canals

• These industrial buildings would soon have a huge
  impact on Paris architecture. But originally, the
  plan was simply to bring water to thirsty
  Parisians.
• The head of construction, Simon Girard, was a
  veteran of Napoleons Egyptian campaign, and the
  canal went forward much like a campaign.
• Pillars were sunk to support the canal bed over
  marshy ground, while utopian Classical
  architecture was used at the tax checkpoints and
  for other detailing along the canal.
• The Ourcq was almost lost in the 1970s, when
  planners suggested paving it over and installing
  a high-speed highway through the east of Paris.
• Fortunately, residents protested and today the
  canal remains a magnificent place to stroll,
  surrounded by superb 19th- and 20th-century
  buildings.

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Napoleons View on Importance of Implementing
Reforms

• In a dispatch to his government in 1801, the
  Prussian ambassador stated that Bonaparte had
  spoken to him "with conviction of the canals to
  be finished and opened, of highways to be
  constructed and repaired, of ports to be cleaned,
  of towns to be adorned, of places of worship and
  pious institutions to be opened, of public
  instruction and education to be paid for?.
• Two hundred and seventy-seven million francs was
  spent building roads from 1803 - 1814

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Napoleon on the Importance of Rebuilding France

• "It is impossible to conceive, if one had not
  been a witness of itbefore and after the 18th
  Brumaire said the chancellor Pasquier, of the
  widespread ruin wrought by the Revolution. There
  were hardly two or three main roads in France
  in a fit condition for traffic not a single one
  was there, perhaps, wherein was not found some
  obstacle that could not be surmounted without
  peril.  With regard to the ways of internal
  communication, they had been indefinitely
  suspended.  The navigation of rivers and canals
  was no longer feasible. "In all directions,
  public buildings, and those monuments which
  represent the splendor of the state, were falling
  into decay.  It must fain be admitted that if the
  work of destruction had been prodigious, that of
  restoration was no less so.  Everything was taken
  hold of at one and the same time, and everything
  progressed with a like rapidity.  Not only was it
  resolved to restore all that required restoring
  in various parts of the country, in all parts of
  the public service, but new, grand, beautiful and
  useful works were decided upon, and many were
  brought to a happy termination.  This certainly
  constitutes one of the most brilliant sides of
  the consular and imperial regime."

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Roads Napoleon Built

• - From Mont-Cenis (linking Lyon to Turin and to
  Genoa)
• - From Simplon (linking Geneva to Milan)
• - From Lautaret
• - From Alexandria to Savona
• - From Genoa to Alexandria
• - From Parma to La Spezia
• - From Piacenza to Genoa
• - From Paris to Madrid by Bayonne
• - From Paris to Amsterdam
• - From Paris to Namur-Liège-Hamburg
• - From Paris to Mayence
• - From Tournus to Chambéry
• - Plus departmental roads?
• In the area of public works, over 20,000 miles of
  imperial and 12,000 miles of regional roads were
  completed,

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Refitting of Seaports Done by Napoleon

• - Cherbourg
• - Le Havre
• - Dunkirk
• - Calais
• - Saint-Valéry
• - Dieppe
• - Bayonne
• - Sète
• - Marseilles
• - Anvers
• - Vlissingen
• - Ostend (and the canal)
• TOTAL COST BETWEEN 1804 AND 1813 Fifty-five
  million francs

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Bridges Built by Napoleon

• - Scrivia (Italy)
• - Tours
• - Tilsit (in Lyon)
• - Isère
• - La Durance
• - Bordeaux
• - Moissac, Agen, etc.
• Bridge and wharfs in Rouen
• - Roanne
• - Givet
• - Vey
• - Arves
• - Sèvres
• - Saint-Cloud?
• TOTAL COST BETWEEN 1804 AND 1813 Thirty-one
  million francs

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Economic Support of Factories

• His policy was one of protection.
• He would have France make everything she wanted,
  and sell to her neighbors, but never buy from
  them---Mercantilism
• To stimulate the factories, which in 1799 were
  as nearly bankrupt as the public treasury, he
  visited the factories himself to learn their
  needs. 
• He gave liberal orders, and urged, even
  commanded, his associates to do the same.
• At one time, anxious to aid the batiste
  factories of Flanders, he tried to force
  Josephine to give up cotton goods and to set the
  fashion in favor of the batistes but she made
  such an outcry that he was obliged to abandon the
  idea. 
• For the same reason he wrote to his sister Eliza
  "I beg that you will allow your court to wear
  nothing but silks and cambrics, and that you will
  exclude all cottons and muslins, in order to
  favor French industry."

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Economic Cotton Factories

•  To introduce cotton-making into the country was
  one of his chief industrial ambitions. 
• At the beginning of the century it was printed in
  all the factories of France, but nothing more. 
• He proposed to the Council of State to prohibit
  the importation of cotton thread and the woven
  goods.
• There was a strong opposition, but he carried his
  point.

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Economic Agriculture

•  In a similar way he encouraged agriculture
  especially was he anxious that France should
  raise all her own articles of diet. 
• He had Berthollet look into maple and turnip
  sugar, and he did at last succeed in persuading
  the people to use beet sugar though he never
  convinced them that Swiss tea equalled Chinese,
  or that chicory was as good as coffee.

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Economic Reforms

• Set up a special bank to guarantee 5 interest
  rates on bonds
• Set up the Bank of France to issue bank notes
• Silver and gold coins were standardized
• Provided financial stability
• Industrial and commercial growth began

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Napoleon Established the Banque de France, 1800
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Economic Reforms

• Think tanks" and research centers were
  established in France to work on projects vital
  for national economy.
• An Industrial Board was organized to provide data
  and information to French Industry, as
  exemplified by the success of the sugar beet
  farming and the canning industry.
• The Convention had earlier organized public
  welfare so as to eliminate poverty, vagabondage,
  and begging.

• Under Napoleon there was greater centralization
  of activity
• Each arrondissement had a ''central committee of
  charity" presided over by the prefect or
  subprefect.
• Public soup kitchens were organized to help the
  needy, but in general the regime favored private
  rather than public charity, by charitable
  societies like those of the ancien regime.
• In 1808 begging was forbidden, and the penal code
  of 1810 organized its judicial repression.
• Foundlings and orphans were assisted by
  legislation in 1811.

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Examples of policies and actions of Napoleon
which were consistent with the ideals of the
Revolution

• Equality under the law
• No legal distinctions between social classes
• Merit based government offices
• Napoleonic Code
• Unified legal system
• Freedom of religion and occupation
• All citizens taxed equally
• Set up Lyceés (government-run schools)

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Examples of policies and actions of Napoleon
which were inconsistent with the ideals of the
Revolution

• Napoleon was a dictator
• Was censorship and repression
• Labor unions forbidden and the rights of
  employers far greater than the rights of
  workers
• Did not give full equality to all
• Men had extensive control over their families

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Results of Napoleon and the French Revolution

• In France, it ended the Old Regime permanently
• Ended feudalism and established a written
  constitution
• France was no longer the most powerful nation in
  Europe Britain was
• The political boundaries of Europe were redefined
• Was the beginning of strong nationalism which
  spread throughout Europe and was sparked by
  Napoleon
• After defeat of Napoleon, was a general peace
  that lasted 100 years
• Ideas of the Revolution and radicalism had been
  spread throughout Europe

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Think About This Quote---Do You Agree---Why or
Why Not?

• "I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order
  out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of
  birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I
  abolished feudalism and restored equality to all
  regardless of religion and before the law. I
  fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime
  because the alternative was the destruction of
  all this. I purified the Revolution.
• Napoleon Bonaparte