THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The shift, beginning in England in the 18th
century, from making goods by hand to making them
by machine.
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England before the Industrial Revolution
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• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• The Agricultural Revolution

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Population Explosion

• England - huge increase in population in the late
  1760s.
• More people need more food.
• The French blockade meant that the British had to
  produce more food.
• Large landowners chase small tenant farmers
  (renters) off their lands to try to make the most
  profit from the increased price of food.

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• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• The Agricultural Revolution
• Enclosure Movement
• landlords fenced in common land and used new
  farming technology
• peasants became poorer

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Britains Agricultural Revolution

• The large landowners consolidate
• their property into enclosures
• land that is walled off.
• Increased technology and new inventions make the
  
• British farmers the most productive in the
  world. Fewer
• farmers can now produce more food than ever
  before.
• This allows the rural population to feed a
  growing urban
• population.

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The landlords started crop rotation. They would
change the crops that they would plant in
different fields to make sure that the fields
retained their nutrients.
The changes in the way the people in Britain
farmed resulted in huge increases in the amount
of food that the land produced.
New crops such as corn and potatoes were
introduced that increased the amount of food that
Britain produced.
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• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• The Agricultural Revolution
• Enclosure Movement
• landlords fenced in common land and used new
  farming technology
• peasants became poorer
• Crop Rotation
• fields regained nutrients by planting different
  crops
• Other Discoveries
• seed drill planted seeds quickly
• new crops corn and potato
• Results in more food and population increase

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Enclosure results in Urbanization
The former tenant farmers that were chased off
the lands during the period of enclosure were
forced to move into villages and towns.
Many found work at home making textile products
(making wool, flax, and cotton into cloth).
Capitalists (businessmen) started businesses by
taking wool and flax to the cottages (homes) of
peasant spinners. After the wool and flax were
spun carded, the capitalists would then take it
to the weavers.
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• Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism
• Merchants Role
• supplied materials wool and cotton
• transported supplies
• merchants make profits
• Capitalism
• private ownership, free competition, and profit
• cottage industry early example of capitalism
• Effects of the Cottage Industry
• big profits for new class of merchants
• alternative source of income for peasants

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The Factory System
What do you see here? What are the machines
doing? What are the workers doing?
What is the boy in the machine doing? What might
be the advantages of factory spinning over
cottage-industry spinning?
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The Factory System
Entrepreneurs decided to combine all of the
factors of production into one place
workers
raw materials
machines
building
factory system
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The Factory System
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• Textile Industry and Factory System
• Textile Industry Invented
• cottages couldnt keep up with demand for
  textiles
• new machines make textiles quicker
• cotton gin separated seeds from cotton
• Rise of the Factory
• new machines, often too big for homes, were put
  in factories
• located near power source coal, iron, water
• Effects of Textile Factories in Britain
• Amount of textiles increased and prices lowered
• most villagers leave home to find work in urban
  factories

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Steam power
Steam power works by forcing steam from low
pressure to high pressure.
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The Steam Engine
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• Steam Engine Energy for the Industrial
  Revolution
• Steam Engine built for increasing need for power
• Steam forced from low to high pressure produces
  power
• Steam Engine improved mining which increased
  metals

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Iron and Coal Energy of the Industrial Revolution
The use of iron was essential in the industrial
revolution. Iron was a very hard metal that could
be used to make strong machines. The problem was
that iron needed carbon added to it to be
flexible and durable.
The British used iron to build the worlds most
powerful navy. This navy controlled the worlds
oceans using coal for energy.
Coal could also be used to produce steam power.
many workers die because of dangerous machinery
British engineers learned that coal could be used
for energy and carbon. It burned slowly and had
the carbon needed to make iron.
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Coal and Iron
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• Iron and Coal Energy for the Industrial
  Revolution
• The Need for Iron
• farming tools, new factory machinery, railways
• The Need for Coal
• steam engines powered by coal
• Effect of Iron and Coal
• Britain produced more iron than rest of the world
  
• coal powered Britains enormous navy

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Transportation
Before the industrial revolution merchants used
to transport goods by horse or mule cart over
poor roads. Merchants had to wait for good
weather to travel. The industrial revolution
needed quicker, cheaper, and more reliable forms
of transportation.
Soon railroads covered Britain.
In 1829 Stephenson invented the steam locomotive.
Goods and people could travel quickly and cheaply
across the country.
In addition to railroads, the British also
constructed canals and better roads to meet the
demands of the new businesses.
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Improved Transportation
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• Transportation
• Need for Better Transportation
• increased production needed quick and cheap
  transportation
• Inventions
• roads, canals, railroad
• Effects of Railroads
• cheaper transportation increased production and
  profits
• helped other industries

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Britain starts the Industrial Revolution

• Natural Resources
• System of navigable
• rivers and canals.
• surrounded by harbors
• coal, iron, and other fuel
• food sources

• Population
• A population
• explosion gave England
• plenty of workers
• Large population also
• meant a large market

• Technology
• Inventors that changed
• working life
• Roads and railroads were
• invented in England and
• helped transportation

• Money
• England had a bank that
• loaned entrepreneurs
• money to start
• companies.

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• Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution
• Geography
• natural resources - iron and coal
• separation from the European continent kept them
  out of wars
• Government
• trade encouraged and population allowed to
  relocate
• helped build canals and roads
• Social Factors
• i. British society less rigid than other European
  countries

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Industrialization and the World
The problem with industrialization was that it
demanded a lot of natural resources.
England could not continue to provide all of the
natural resources the growing factories demanded.
The people of England could not continue to keep
buying all of the goods that the factories
produced.
The answer was to take over the world and bring
in natural resources from other countries and
sell them factory-made goods.
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• Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution
• Geography
• natural resources - iron and coal
• separation from the European continent kept them
  out of wars
• Government
• trade encouraged and population allowed to
  relocate
• helped build canals and roads
• Social Factors
• i. British society less rigid than other European
  countries
• Colonial Empire
• i. supplied raw material and provided market for
  goods
• Advantages of Industrializing First
• i. no other competition for manufactured goods
  monopoly on technology

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Development of New Cities
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Effects of the Industrial Revolution
rapid urbanization led to crowded and dirty
cities that were unhealthy
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Effects of the Industrial Revolution
destroyed social order
whole families are forced to work in factories
parents have to work two jobs and can not feed
and raise children many live on the streets and
join gangs
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Effects of the Industrial Revolution
many poor families need their children to work
long and dangerous hours at jobs that pay very
little
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Effects of the Industrial Revolution
workers eventually join unions to fight for
better wages, shorter working days, and safer
working conditions
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Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Positive Effects
• a new middle class developed to
• serve the interests of the owners
• shopping more goods were made for
• much cheaper and many people could
• afford goods that they would never
• have been able to before
• medical care and city planning improved
• new inventions improved the quality of life