Geography

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Geography
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Hierankopolis
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Timeline

• 3500 2686 BCE Pre Early Dynastic
• 2686 2150 Old Kingdom
• 2150 2050 First Intermediate Period
• 2050 1750 Middle Kingdom
• 1750 1570 Second Intermediate Period
• 1570 1070 New Kingdom
• 1070 716 Third Intermediate Period
• 716 332 Late Period

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Events

• 3000 BCE Upper Lower Egypt united
• 2150 Civil war
• 2050 Egypt reunified under Mentuhotep II
• 1750 Hyksos invade (horse wheel)
• 1570 Hyksos defeated
• 1361 1352 Akhenanton Tutankhamen
• (Armana)

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Cultural Notes

• Geography
• Isolated few attacks from other cultures
• Rich soil abundant agriculture
• Complacent longevity
• Upper Lower Egypt
• Pharaoh as god
• Obsession with death the after life
• 31 dynasties

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ART OBJECTS
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Pre-Dynastic Early Dynastic
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People, boats, and animals

• Hierakonpolis, Egypt
• Circa 3500 BCE.
• Paint on plaster
• Approx. 16' 3 long

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People, boats, and animals

• Tomb (funerary scene)
• Boats represent the journey down rivers of life
  death
• No ground line
• Heraldic composition
• Mesopotamian influence?

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Palette of King Narmer

• Hierakonpolis, Egypt
• Circa 3000 BCE.
• Slate
• Approx. 2' 1 high

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Palette of King Narmer

• Relief sculpture
• Utility
• Palette for eye makeup
• Narrative
• Registers
• Hierarch of scale
• Twisted perspective

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Palette of King Narmer

• Palette
• a slate slab used for preparing makeup

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Palette of King Narmer

• Unification of Upper Lower Egypt
• 1st dynasty?
• crown papyrus
• felines with long necks
• Pre-historic to the historic
• Standard for all Egyptian art afterwards

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Palette of King Narmer

• The power pharaoh
• Falcon Horus
• Pharaohs protector
• Female cows Hathor
• Also favor the king
• Narmers hieroglyph
• Bull at the bottom
• Knocks down walls of a rebellious city

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Architecture
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Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser

• IMHOTEP
• Saqqara, Egypt
• Circa 2630 BCE.
• Stone
• Approx. 200 ft tall

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Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser

• necropolis
• NOT a ziggurat
• Funerary (mastaba)
• Tomb, chapel, shaft
• Chapel had paintings and/or reliefs
• 4 compass points
• Ashlar mason

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Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser

• Necropolis
• Greek, city of the dead
• a large burial area or cemetery
• Mastaba
• Arabic, bench.
• Rectangular brick or stone structure over an
  underground tomb

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Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser

• ashlar masonry-
• Carefully cut and regularly shaped blocks of
  stone used in construction, fitted together
  without mortar

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• Center of a huge precint enclosed by 34 high
  wall
• 5400 long
• 37 acres
• Tightly guarded
• Daily rituals done

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Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser

• Columns
• Capital
• Shaft
• Bundled reeds papyrus
• Turned natural temporary structures into
  permanent ones

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• Papyrus
• A plant native to Egypt and surrounding lands
• Used to make paperlike writing material
• Also, the material or any writing on it

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Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser

• Capital
• The uppermost member of a column
• Engaged columns
• Influence on the Greeks

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Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser

• Imhotep
• 1st known artist in recorded history
• 3rd dynasty
• Pharaohs chancellor
• High priest of Re (sun)
• Architect

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Old Kingdom
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Old Kingdom

• 4th 8th kingdom
• Establishes the way in which art will be
  represented for more than two thousand years

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Architecture
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Great Pyramids

• Gizeh, Egypt
• Circa 2490-2528 BCE
• Limestone
• Largest (Khufu) is approx. 450 ft. tall

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Great Pyramids

• Built over 75 years
• Rhythm Geometric
• Monumental architecture
• Ashlar masonry
• Political religious
• 7 wonders of the world
• Developed from mastabas
• ben-bens and Re

Khaf.
Khufu
Men.
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Great Pyramids

• ben-ben
• A pyramidal stone tied to the Egyptian god Re

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Great Pyramids

• Khufu
• Cardinal points
• 775 ft along one side
• Area is 13 acres
• 450 ft tall
• 2.3 million blocks of stone
• Avg. block 2.5 tons

Khaf.
Khufu
Men.
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How the Pyramids Were Built

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vsIjN5X_JXhIfeature
  related

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Great Sphinx

• Gizeh, Egypt
• Circa 2520 BCE.
• Sandstone
• Approx. 65' high,
• 240' long

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Great Sphinx

• Funerary complex for Khafre
• Monumental sculpture
• Guardian of his tomb
• Lamassu
• Therianthrope
• Power of the lion
• Khafres face

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Sculpture
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Khafre

• Gizeh, Egypt
• Circa 2520 BCE.
• Diorite
• Approx. 5' 6 high.
• Tomb

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Khafre

• Existence after death
• Diorite
• Realism
• Portrait sculpture
• Very compact
• Lasts longer
• Subtractive vs. Additive

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• Realism
• Where artists represented the subject matter of
  everyday life in a natural way optical
• Subtractive
• A sculptural technique where material is taken
  away from the original mass
• Additive
• A sculptural technique where material is built
  upon the original mass

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Khafre

• Symbols
• Papyrus lotus
• Horus
• Perfect body face
• Balance
• Symmetry

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Menkaure and his wife

• Gizeh, Egypt
• Circa. 2490 BCE.
• Slate
• Approx. 4 ½ high.
• Tomb

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Menkaure and his wife

• Compact
• Attached to the stone
• Subtractive
• Representative formula
• Frontal
• Arms straight down
• Fists clenched
• Left foot forward
• Symmetrical

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Menkaure and his wife

• Emotionless
• Monochromatic

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Ka-Aper

• Saqqara, Egypt
• Circa 2450 BCE.
• Painted wood
• Approx. 3' 7 high
• Tomb

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Ka-Aper

• Lower status official
• Similar formula
• Left foot forward
• Right arm is straight
• Left arm holds staff
• (indicates position)
• Polychromatic
• Freestanding
• Additive

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Ka-Aper

• Lower status official
• Less ideal in appearance proportions
• Chubby stomach
• Sagging chest
• Round face

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Ka-Aper

• The more important the subject, the more formal
  and ideal the portrait
• The less important the subject, the less formal
  and more realistic the portrait

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Paintings Reliefs
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Relief from the mastaba of Ti

• Saqqara, Egypt
• Circa. 2450 BCE.
• Painted limestone
• Approx. 4 high

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Relief from the mastaba of Ti

• Not only statues but also reliefs paintings
• 5th dynasty
• Agriculture Hunting
• Provides in the afterlife
• Symbolic against evil
• Crossing the Nile
• Passage to the afterlife

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Relief from the mastaba of Ti

• Twisted perspective
• Registers
• Rhythm
• Narrative
• Anecdotal
• Tells a story of a moment in time
• Most statuary was NOT anecdotal (eternal)

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Relief from the mastaba of Ti

• Canon
• A rule (of proportion)
• The Greeks considered beauty to be a matter of
  correct proportion
• Canon of proportion, for the human figure and
  buildings

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Middle Kingdom
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Middle Kingdom

• 9th 14th kingdom
• The people challenge the power of pharaoh
• Mentuhotep I reunites Egypt (2050)
• Deter thieves
• Smaller pyramids
• More complex
• Larger sarcophagi

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• Sarcophagus
• Sarcophagi (plural)
• Latin consumer of flesh
• A coffin, usually of stone (granite)
• 150 tons

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Architecture
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Rock-cut tomb

• Beni Hasan, Egypt
• Circa. 1950 BCE
• Approx 25 tall

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Rock-cut tomb

• Carved into mountains instead of freestanding
• Deter thieves
• Replaces mastabas

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Rock-cut tomb

• Simple design
• Vestibule
• Porch with columns
• Columned hall
• Sacred chamber
• Paintings reliefs
• Columns do NOT support any weight

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• Flute (fluting)
• Vertical channeling used principally on columns

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New Kingdom
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New Kingdom

• 18th 20th kingdom
• Hyksos
• Defeated by Ahmose I
• Most brilliant period
• Expanded territory
• Euphrates in east
• Nubia in the south
• Lots of trade

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Architecture
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Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut

• Deir el-Bahri, Egypt
• Circa. 1473 BCE

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Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut

• Temples
• Worship gods while alive
• Tributes to them after death
• Queen Hatshepsut
• Female pharaoh
• Son was only 12
• 1st great female ruler
• Ruled for about 20 years

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Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut

• Senmut
• Chancellor, architect
• Horizontals and verticals
• Fits with landscape
• Colonnades
• Rhythm
• Gardens on the porches
• Reliefs and paintings

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• Colonnades
• A series or row of columns, usually spanned by
  lintels.

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Temple of Ramses II

• Abu Simbel, Egypt
• Circa. 1290 BCE.
• Sandstone
• Colossi approx. 65' high.

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Temple of Ramses II

• Cut out of rock
• Moved in 1968
• Ramses II
• Great warrior pharaoh
• 4 colossi commemorate Ramses himself
• 12 times a normal human
• Not as detailed

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Temple of Ramses II

• Interior
• Giant figures of Ramses II
• 32 ft tall
• Creates a narrow corridor
• Not load bearing
• (aesthetic only)

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Hypostyle Hall

• Temple of Amen-Re
• Karnak, Egypt
• Circa. 1290 BCE.
• Stone
• Center columns are 66 tall

http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/explore/karnakh
ypnor.html
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Hypostyle Hall

• Added onto over time
• Thutmose I III
• Hatshepsut
• Ramses II
• Symmetrical
• Forms a corridor
• Old Kingdom
• Temple of Hatshepsut

http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/explore/karnakh
ypnor.html
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Hypostyle Hall

• Hypostyle hall
• A hall with a roof supported by columns
• Post lintel
• Columns
• 60 tall
• Capitals
• 22 in diameter
• 100 people!
• No cement

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Hypostyle Hall

• Central row higher than the outside rows
• Allows light to come in
• Clerestory
• Relief sculpture
• Bands or registers
• Sunken
• Not meant to be just functional
• Informational purpose

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Sculpture
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Hatshepsut with offering jars

• Deir el-Bahri, Egypt
• Circa. 1473 BCE
• Red granite
• Approx. 8' 6 high.

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Hatshepsut with offering jars

• Compact, ideal, connected to stone, proportional
• Originally over 200
• Destroyed by Thutmose III
• This one reconstructed
• Kneels only before a god
• Headdress fake beard
• Portrayed as a male

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Paintings Reliefs
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Fowling scene

• Thebes, Egypt
• Circa. 1400 BCE.
• Fresco on dry plaster
• Approx. 2' 8 high

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Fowling scene

• scribe and counter of grain
• Hieroglyphics
• Enjoying afterlife
• Not static, dynamic
• Hierarchy of scale
• Naturalism
• Birds, cat, fish, etc.

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Fowling scene

• Hieroglyphics
• A system of writing using symbols or pictures
• Pictograph
• A picture, usually stylized, that represents an
  idea also, writing using such means
• Fresco
• Painting on lime plaster

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Musicians and dancers

• Thebes, Egypt
• Circa. 1400 BCE.
• Approx. 1' x 2 ¼

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Musicians and dancers

• Ceremonial meal
• Wine jars on the right
• New style
• Dancers
• Overlapping
• Two women on right
• Frontal view
• Movement
• Luxurious life

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More Sculpture
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Akhenaton

• Karnak, Egypt
• Circa. 1353 BCE.
• Sandstone
• Approx. 13' high

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Akhenaton

• Short, violent upheaval
• Amenhotep IV
• Abandoned traditional gods
• Only Aton (sun disk)
• Only god now
• Wiped out Amens name
• Akehenaton is the sole prophet to Aton
• No animals or humans
• Sun disk only

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Akhenaton

• Changes in traditional stylistic conventions
• Curving contours
• Long face
• Full lips
• Heavy lidded eyes
• Dreaming expression
• Purposeful action against tradition
• Androgynous
• Male Female

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Amarna Period
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Nefertiti

• THUTMOSE
• Tell el-Amarna, Egypt
• Circa. 1353 BCE.
• Painted limestone
• Approx. 1' 8 high

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Nefertiti

• Akhenatons wife
• The Beautiful One is Here
• Curving contours
• Expression
• Long neck
• Thutmose
• Queens official sculptor

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Smenkhkare Meritaten

• Tell el-Armana, Egypt
• Circa 1335 BCE.
• Painted limestone
• Approx. 9 ½ high

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Smenkhkare Meritaten

• Akhenatons half-brother wife
• Painted relief
• Curvilinear
• Details of dress, neck, bellies, etc.
• Informal, intimate
• Sculptor shows his knowledge of the body
• Weight shift on hips

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Death mask of Tutankhamen

• Thebes, Egypt
• Circa. 1323 BCE.
• Gold with inlay of semiprecious stones
• Approx. 1' 9 high

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Death mask of Tutankhamen

• Akhenatons son
• Ruled for 10 years
• Dies at 18
• 3 coffins
• Innermost is most rich
• ¼ ton of beaten gold
• Turquoise, lapis lazuli
• Nemes headdress beard

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• canopic jars
• the containers in which the organs of the dead
  were placed for burial with the mummy
• ushabti
• a statue of a servant placed in a tomb to act as
  a servant to the deceased in the afterlife

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Death mask of Tutankhamen

• Big Deal?
• Tomb undisturbed
• Sculpture
• Furniture
• Jewelry
• Etc.
• 1922
• Howard Carter
• Curse of King Tut

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If this is what a boy king received

• What did the great pharaohs have in their tomb?

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Painted Chest

• Tomb of Tutankhamen
• Thebes, Egypt
• Circa. 1323 BCE.
• Wood
• Approx 1 8 long

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Painted Chest

• Tomb of Tutankhamen
• Thebes, Egypt
• Circa. 1323 BCE.
• Wood
• Approx 1 8 long

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Painted Chest

• Tutankhamen as a successful hunter/warrior
• Hunt scene on top
• War scene on side
• Hierarchy of scale
• Rhythm, overlapping
• Amarna style

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Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer

• Thebes, Egypt
• Circa. 1290 BCE.
• Painted papyrus scroll
• Approx. 1' 6 high

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Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer

• Narrative
• Hu-Nefer is led by Anubis to the scales
• Feather of Maat (truth)
• Ammit would eat heart
• Thoth records outcome
• Horus leads Hu-Nefer to Osiris
• All of the gods in upper register

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Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer

• Shows a return to traditional stylistic
  conventions
• Rigid
• Strict twisted perspective
• Angular lines