CH.23An Era of Social Change

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CH.23-An Era of Social Change

• The Counterculture and Continuing Social Movements

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Ch 23 Sec 1 Latinos and Native American Seek
Equality

• How did the population of Latinos grow in the US
  during in the 1960s?
• How did Latinos fight for Civil Rights?
• How did Native Americans secure reforms of US
  government policy?
• How did Gay/Lesbian Americans fight for equal
  rights?

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Latinos of Varied Origins

• Mexican Americans 1miilion came in 1910s
  following the Mexican Revolution, some came in
  the 1940s and 1950s as braceros, and 1 million
  came in the 60s
• Puerto Ricans began immigrating after the Spanish
  American War of 1898, and by 1960s 1miilion in
  the US (1/2 NYC)
• Cubans fled Castro after 1959 and large
  communities formed in NYC, Miami, NJ
• During the 1960s thousand of Central and South
  American emigrated
• Most Latinos lived in barrios

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Latinos Fight For Change

• In 1966 Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta merged
  their new unions to form the United Farm Workers
  Organizing Committee
• Chavez believed in non-violence in dealing with
  Californias large fruit and vegetable companies
  (Ex. Boycotts/Fast)
• In the 1960s the Chicano Movement took off,
  Brown Power and the Brown Berets demanded
  Spanish speaking classes and Chicano studies
  programs at universities (Bilingual ED. Act of
  1968)

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Latino Political Power

• During the 1960s eight Hispanic Americans served
  in the House and Joseph was elected to the Senate
• In the 1940s and 1950s the League of United
  Latin American Citizens fought in the courts for
  school desegregation and gov. funding
• In the 1970s La Raza Unida ( Mexican Americans
  United) ran Mexican Candidates in many local
  elections
• In 1963 the more radical Alianza Federal de
  Mercedes seized a Texas courthouse

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Native Americans Fight For Equality

• Native Americans suffered the highest
  unemployment rates, alcoholism, infant mortality
  rates and suicides
• In 1954 Native Americans had to deal with the
  governments Termination Policy
• In 1961 reps from 61 tribes drafted the
  Declaration of Indian Purpose
• In 1968 LBJ established the National Council on
  Indian Opportunity

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Voices of Protests

• In 1968 the AIM (American Indian Movement) was
  formed to demand lands, burial grounds, fishing/
  timber rights, and a respect of their culture
  (George Mitchell and Dennis Banks)
• In 1972, AIM leader Russell Meads organized The
  Trail of Broken Treaties march on DC ( Occupied
  the BIA building)
• In 1973, the AIM led 200 Sioux to occupy Wounded
  Knee, SD where a massacre of Sioux had occurred
  in 1890
• After negotiations a shootout with the FBI left
  2 dead, and many wounded

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Red Power

• Russell Means Dennis Banks

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Native American Victories

• In 1975 Congress passed the Indian-Self-Determinat
  ion and Education Act which gave tribes control
  to govern their own affairs including education
• In 1970 the Taos of NM regained sacred Blue Lake
  Land
• In 1971 the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
  gave 40million acres and 962 million
• Political Representation improved by working
  through the system (Ex. Senator Ben Nighthorse
  Campbell)

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The Asian American Movement

• In 1968 the Asian American Political Alliance
  (AAPA) was founded at Berkley which unified
  Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Filipino activists
• Protested the Vietnam War and racism directed at
  Asians
• 1969 Shut it Down strikes at Berkley
• Yellow Power Conference to learn of Asian
  American history and destiny
• 1968 San Franciscos Chinatown Grievances
  (Housing and Medicine)
• Japanese American Citizens League brought forth
  the issue of internment

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The Gay Liberation Movement

• In the 1950s the Mattachine Society and the
  Daughters of Bilitis were campaigning to reduce
  discrimination towards G/L
• 1960s The Society for Individual Rights was
  founded in Greenwich Village/SF
• June ,1969 the Stonewall Inn Riot in NYC pitted
  aggressive police against bar patrons Gay Power
  appeared
• After Stonewall the Gay Liberation Front (GLF)
  was formed (Gay Pride Marches)
• In 1975 the Gov. ended its ban on employment of
  G/L

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Ch 23 Sec 2 Women Fight for Equality

• What factors led to the womens movement of the
  1960s?
• What were some early gains and some losses within
  the womens movement?
• What was the legacy of the womens movement in
  employment, education, and politics?

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Women Fight for Equality

• In 1920 the 19th Amendment was passed giving
  women the right to vote (Womens Suffrage)
• In the 1960s Feminism was the belief that women
  should have economic, political, and social
  equality with men
• In 1963 Betty Friedans Feminine Mystique
  identified the problem that has no name Women
  were not happy in the 1950s (Mens work v
  Womens work)
• In the 1960s women were forced into clerical
  work, retail, social work, nursing, and teaching

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Womens Activism of the 1960s

• Women were members of SNCC and SDS, and active in
  the civil rights movement
• In 1966 28 women including Friedan founded the
  National Organization for Women (NOW)
• NOW fought against gender bias in hiring and in
  the workplace and pushed for child-care
  facilities
• In 1968 the New York Radical Women protested the
  Miss America Pageant in AC
• Womens Garbage into Freedoms Trashcan

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• In 1969, a journalist and political activist
  Gloria Steinem joined the feminist movement
• She founded the National Womens Party Caucus
• In 1972 she founded and wrote for Ms. (Womens
  Magazine)

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Roe V Wade

• Feminist groups supported a womans right to
  chose to have an abortion
• In 1973 the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the
  feminists
• Extremely Controversial
• Pro-Choice v Pro-Life

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The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

• Congress passed the ERA in 1972, it was first
  introduced in 1923 (Men and Women same rights and
  protections)
• 38 states needed to ratify it to make it part of
  the Constitution ( 35 received)
• A Stop-ERA campaign was launched by conservative
  religious groups, and anti-feminists led by
  Phyllis Schlafly
• Radical Feminist hate men, marriage, and
  children
• Fears of women being drafted, no husband
  responsibility, and possible same-sex marriages

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The New Right Emerges

• In order to combat pro-choice and the ERA
  conservatives formed the pro-family movement
  which became the New Right (Social Conservatism
  when dealing with social, cultural, and moral
  problems)
• They debated family centered issues and played
  key role in Pres. Reagans election in 1980

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Ch 23 Sec 3 The Counterculture

• What was the counterculture of the 1960s?
• What was its impact on art, fashion, music and
  attitudes?
• What was the conservative response or backlash
  to the counterculture?

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The Counterculture of the 1960s

• Counterculture was a movement made up of mostly
  white, middle-class college young people who were
  disillusioned with the war and injustices of
  society
• They turned their backs on traditional American
  and founded a society based on peace and love
• Hippies

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• Materialism, Technology, and war were hollow
• Harvard Psychology and counterculture philosopher
  Dr. Timothy Leary urged the youth to Tune in,
  Turn On, Drop Out!
• Many left home, work, and school to create an
  ideal community of peace love and harmony

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Hippie Culture

• The Age of Aquarius
• Rock n Roll Music
• Sexual Revolution (Free Love)
• Marijuana and LSD ( Illegal Drugs)
• Eastern Religions (Zen Buddhism)
• Ragged Jeans, Tie-dye shirts, military garments,
  love beads and muslin shirts
• Long hair and beards
• Many joined communes
• Haight-Asbury District of SF

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Art of the 1960s

• Pop-Art by Andy Warhol

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Music of the 1960s

• The music was a form of protest that grew out of
  African-American rhythm and blues of the 1950s
  (Folk and Rock)
• The Beatles, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix, Janis
  Joplin, Jefferson Airplane, the Grateful Dead,
  the Who, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez and the Rolling
  Stones
• In 1969 the appex of the counterculture was the
  music festival Woodstock
• The 1970 Concert at Altamont Speedway was a
  disaster and ended the era of peace and love

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The Conservative Response

• Nixon, Agnew and J Edgar Hoover expressed anger
  and concern over the counterculture and the
  threat to traditional values
• Many saw the values as decadent, un-American,
  immature and irresponsible
• Conservatives presented their own solutions to
  crime and lawlessness