Plants Eukarya Protists Fungi Plantae Animalia Conifer Lif

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Plants
Eukarya
Protists
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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Plants
The Stage is set for Plants!

• Earths atmosphere was originally oxygen free
• Ultraviolet radiation bombarded the surface
• Photosynthetic cells produced oxygen and allowed
  formation of a protective ozone layer

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Plants
Invading the Land

• Cyanobacteria were probably the first to spread
  into and up freshwater streams
• Later, green algae and fungi made the journey
  together
• Every plant is descended from species of green
  algae

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Plants
Characteristics of Plants

• Nearly all are multicelled
• Vast majority are photoautotrophs
• Energy from sun
• Carbon dioxide from air
• Minerals dissolved in water

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Plants
Characteristics of Plants
Alternation of Generations Alternatio
n between haploid and diploid stages.
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Plants
Characteristics of Plants
Two major groups of plants based on water
transport cells Non-Vascular Plants
Vascular Plants Seeds Flowers
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Non-Vascular Plants
Plants

• Bryophytes
• Fewer than 19,000 species
• Three groups
• Liverworts
• Hornworts
• Mosses

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Non-Vascular Plants
Plants
Liverworts (simplest) Hornworts Mosses (most
common)
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Non-Vascular Plants
Plants
Life Cycle www.youtube.com/watch?vjcWYAnmm-QE

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Plants
Non-Vascular Plants
Development of mature sporophyte (still attached
to gametophyte)
Zygote
Diploid Stage
Fertilization
Meiosis
Haploid Stage
Spores released
male gametophyte tip
Male gametophyte
Sperm
female gametophyte tip
Female gametophyte
Egg
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Plants
Non-Vascular Plants
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Vascular Plants
Plants

• 12,000 species, mostly tropical
• Most common sporophyte structure
• Perennial underground stem (rhizome)
• Roots and fronds arise from rhizome
• Young fronds are coiled fiddleheads
• Mature fronds divided into leaflets
• Spores form on lower surface of some fronds

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Vascular Plants
Plants
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Vascular Plants
Plants
Fern Life Cycle Animation http//academic.kellogg
.edu/herbrandsonc/bio111/animations/0124.swf
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Vascular Plants
Plants
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Vascular Plants
Plants
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Seed Plants
Plants

• Seeds appeared about 360 million years ago
• Seed ferns and gymnosperms were dominant at first
• Angiosperms arose later

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Seed Plants
Plants

• Microspores that give rise to pollen grains
• Megaspores inside ovules
• More water-conserving than seedless vascular
  plants

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Seed Plants
Plants
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Seed Plants
Plants
Gymnosperms

• Plants with naked seeds
• Seeds dont form inside an ovary
• Four groups
• Conifers Ginkgos
• Cycads Gnetophytes

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Seed Plants
Plants
Gymnosperms

• Widest known, largest number of living species
• Woody trees or shrubs
• Most are evergreen
• Bear seeds on exposed cone scales
• Most produce woody cones

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Seed Plants
Plants
Ovules

• Female reproductive structures that become seeds
• Consist of
• Female gametophyte with egg cell
• Nutrient-rich tissue
• Jacket of cell layers that will form seed coat

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Seed Plants
Plants
Pollen

• Pollen grains are sperm-bearing male gametophytes
  that develop from microspores
• Allows transfer of sperm to egg without water
• Can drift on air currents, or be carried by
  pollinators

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Seed Plants
Plants
Pine Cones

• Woody scales of a pine cone are the parts of
  where megaspores formed and developed into female
  gametophytes
• Male cones, where microspores and pollen are
  produced, are not woody

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Seed Plants
Plants
Pine Cones
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Conifer Life Cycle Animation http//bcs.whfreema
n.com/thelifewire/content/chp30/30020.html
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Flowering Plants
Plants
Angiosperms

• Flowering plants
• Dominant land plants (260,000 species)
• Defining feature Ovules and (after
  fertilization) seeds are enclosed in an ovary
• Two classes Monocots and dicots

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Flowering Plants
Plants
Double Fertilization

• Distinctive feature of angiosperms
• Male gametocyte delivers two sperm to an ovule
• One fertilizes egg other fertilizes a cell that
  gives rise to endosperm that supports embryo

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endosperm
embryo
ovary
ovule
seed coat
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Life Cycle of an Angiosperm http//www.sumanasinc
.com/webcontent/animations/content/angiosperm.html
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