LCol Ron Allison

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LCol Ron Allison 28 January 2008 New Challenges
in War to Peace TransitionsSeminar
Series Peacebuilding, Development and Security
Program (PDSP) Centre for Military and Strategic
Studies, University of Calgary
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African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS)
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Outline

• AMIS Overview
• Background
• Challenges and Limitations
• AMIS/UNAMID at Dec 2007
• OP AUGURAL
• OP AUGURAL Mission
• Darfur Security Profile
• Darfur Situation Report Dec 2007
• Life Support Issues
• Task Force Commander (TFC) Assessment on AMIS
• Questions

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AMIS/UNAMID Area of Operational Responsibility
(AOR)
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For A Buria
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AMIS Operational End-State

• The restoration of a secure environment
  throughout Darfur, which is underpinned by a
  political settlement, allowing a safe environment
  for the return of Internally Displaced Persons
  (IDPs) and refugees and for a solution of the
  humanitarian crisis.

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AMIS Background African Unions First Major
Peace Support Operation (PSO)

• The current crisis in Darfur escalated in early
  2003
• First Ceasefire agreement Abeche, Chad in
  September 2003
• Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement (HCFA)
  Ndjamena, Chad on 8 April 2004
• Addis Ababa Agreement of 28 May 2004
  operationalized the Cease Fire Commission (CFC)
  and called for deployment of observers
  Protection Forces
• AMIS I begins operations in El Fasher 9 June 2004
  with 60 observers and 310 protection force.

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AMIS Enhancements

• AMIS II approved by AU Peace and Security Council
  (PSC) 20 October 2004
• 2,341 Military Personnel (including 542
  observers)
• AU Peace and Security Council (PSC) approved
  expansion of AMIS II (AMIS IIE) on 28 April 2005
• Military component of 6,171
• CIVPOL Component of 1,560
• Appropriate civilian support staff

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AMIS to UNAMID

• UN Security Council passes resolution 1769 on 31
  July 2007 for Establishment of UNAMID to replace
  AMIS
• Military Component of 19,555 (including 360
  military observers and LOs)
• Police Component of 3,772 and 19 formed police
  units of 140 personnel
• AMIS transitions to the Hybrid Operation UNAMID
• TOA to take place by 31 December 2007

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AMIS Challenges

• Provision of Area security
• Provision of Route Security
• Monitor and Investigate violations
• Monitoring of Armed Groups
• Assisting in the DDR Process
• Monitoring of Border Security
• Liaison at all levels
• DIRECTED TASKS IN CHAPTER 3 OF THE DARFUR PEACE
  AGREEMENT (DPA) 05 May 2006

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AMIS Mission Limitations

• Darfur Region
• Lack of experience
• Ineffectual C2 structure
• Mission Funding limitations
• Force size
• Lack of Force level support units medical,
  fixed and rotary wing aircraft, communications
  and service support
• Reliance on Partners contracts USA, EU, UK,
  CA

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AMIS/UNAMID at December 2007

• No Peace Agreement on the horizon
• Rebel divisions and in-fighting have increased
• Increased fragmentation with Arab tribes
• Increased violence and insecurity in IDP Camps,
  continued GoS strategy to empty the camps
• 270,000 new IDPs in 2007
• Humanitarian Agencies unable to reach ½ Million
  people an increase in direct targeting by all
  sides

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Canadian Forces - OP AUGURAL Mission

• The mission of Op AUGURAL was to provide military
  advice and assistance to the African Unions (AU)
  Darfur Integrated Task Force (DITF) and to the
  African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS)
• as well as providing military advice relating to
  the DITF and AMIS to the Canadian Embassy in
  Addis Ababa.

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OP AUGURAL - Organization
Comd DITF J5 AdvisorAddis Ababa
Ops O/ LO to CA EmbassyAddis Ababa
TFAA Det Khartoum
TFAA Det El Fashir
DITFAddis Ababa
NSE Det Addis Ababa
J8 Contracts Addis Ababa
APC Tactics Adv El Fashir
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OP AUGURAL Security Profile Darfur
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OP AUGURAL Security Profile Darfur

• Terrain
• 493 km2 (size of France/Manitoba)
• Largely arid plain with volcanic mountains (Jebel
  Marra) at centre
• EAST plains and sandy soil pasture and arable
  land when dry many parts waterless
• NORTH Sahara
• WEST rocky, supports grazing but not farming
• Climate
• Hot, arid temperature normally in 30s/40s
• Rainy season Jun - Sep

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OP AUGURAL Security Profile Darfur

• Environmental deterioration
• Co-existence of cultures in Darfur
• Fighting since 1980s - Ethnic, tribal, economic,
  historic causes
• Major conflict since 2003
• Resulting humanitarian crisis
• Exacerbated by regional players
• Failed peace agreements
• Limited AMIS impact on the situation
• Attacks on AMIS

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The VICTIMS 5.6 M People, 250,000 Dead, 2.7 M
Refugees (IDPs)
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OP AUGURAL Security Profile Darfur

• Largest humanitarian operation in world OCHA
• 2 million IDPs
• 270,000 displaced in 2007
• 200,000 refugees
• Affected population 4 million
• Tribal tensions in IDP camps
• GoS moves to relocate IDPs/disarm camps
• Worsening access due to insecurity and GoS
  bureaucracy
• 12 humanitarian workers killed in 2007 15
  wounded 118 abducted

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The COMBATANTS
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OP AUGURAL Security Profile Darfur

• Government of Sudan (GoS)
• Does not control many parts of Darfur
• Has acted through Janjaweed (Rizeigat Arabs)/PDF
• Extensive SAF bombings (MI 24, AN 26)
• Including alleged use of planes painted White
  (AMIS/UN colours)
• Accused of violating arms embargo

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OP AUGURAL Security Profile Darfur

• Rebels/movements
• Fragmented from 2 to 26
• Tribal/ethnic bases
• Fur (SLA)
• Zaghawa (JEM)
• Capable of putting large forces in field
• Inflicted major defeats on GoS 2003/2004
• Questionable authority of commanders and
  political leaders
• AK 47, AA guns, RPGs, trucks
• Accused of violating arms embargo

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AMIS TROOPS
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OP AUGURAL AMIS Profile

• Limitations
• Command and control
• Military Multipliers and Enablers
• Situational awareness
• Patrol activity
• Average 1 per Military Team Site per week
• Targeting
• Attractions money weapons food
  communications transport
• 19 troops KIA in 2007

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OP AUGURAL Darfur Situation Report at Dec 07

• Continued Tensions and Unrest
• GoS moves against IDPs
• Militarisation of IDP camps
• GoS divide and rule tactics continue
• Resettlement/grants of land
• GoS lack of control over surrogates
• Arab/Arab conflict
• Arab/GoS tensions
• Arab/African reconciliation
• Expansion beyond Darfur Kordafan/Chad
• Tensions in South Sudan - Abyei
• Dynamics of movements
• Shifting loyalties
• Rebels or bandits?

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OP AUGURAL Darfur Situation Report at Dec 07

• Cease Fire Commission is not functioning
• Unworkable since March 2007
• Peace initiatives
• Lack of trust between parties
• Past failure to deliver on promises
• Abuja/Tripoli/Arusha/Sirte/Juba/Asmara
• Joint UN/AU negotiators bleak assessments
• Slow pace with Movement unification (SLA/M and
  JEM)
• Movement boycotts
• Status of non participants to date Abdul Wahid
  (SLA/Wahid) and Minni Minawi (SLA/MM)
• AMIS Transition to UNAMID
• Heavy Support Package (HSP) Enablers
• Early Effects, Force Multipliers
• New battalions
• GoS obstruction

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Life Support Issues

• Security
• Medical
• AMIS Protection Force
• Evacuation

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OP AUGURAL Success in Support of AMIS

• AVGP Training Maintenance
• Improved AU training (African Led)
• Improved confidence in vehicles
• Operational Planning
• HYBRID/UNAMID Documents
• AMIS/UNAMID Transition
• Contracts Overwatch
• CivPol upgrade and maintenance
• Skylink, MPC, Attico, PAE, etc
• AMIS/UNAMID Transition
• JLOC Staff Officers
• Battle rhythm and structure re-org
• Critical members of staff

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Canadian Forces Contributions Positive

• IAC (Information Analysis Cell)
• Contract Management (Financial Management
  Capability)
• AVGPs (Force Multipliers)
• Fuel Contracts (Life Support)
• Fixed Wing (Life Support)
• Rotary Wing (Life Support)

WE ARE MAKING A DIFFERENCE
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Questions ?