Basic Electronics

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Basic Electronics

• Concepts Components
• Frank Shapleigh

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Thales (624 547 BC)

• Wrote about the attraction of small pieces of
  straw dust to amber (fossilized tree sap) that
  had been rubbed by a cloth. The Greek for amber
  is ELEKTRON

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Charles Coulomb (1736-1806)

• Discovered the law which determines the force
  between electrically charged objects
• The Coulomb is the unit of electric charge

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Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)

• Determined that electricity could be produced by
  a combination of 2 different metals in contact
  with a cloth moistened with salt water.
• The Volt is the unit of Electric Potential
  Difference

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Hans Oersted (1777-1851)

• Discovered that a current flowing through a wire
  produced a magnetic field
• The Oersted is one unit of magnetism

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Andre Ampere (1775-1836)

• Proposed the correct theory of the
  electro-magnetic force.
• The Ampere is the unit of electric current

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Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

• Discovered the principle of Electro-magnetic
  Induction
• Invented the Electric Motor
• The Farad is the unit of capacitance

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Georg Ohm (1789-1854)

• Discovered the law which relates the current and
  voltage in an electric circuit
• The Ohm is the unit of electric resistance in a
  conductor

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J.J. Thompson (1856-1940)

• In 1897 Thompson discovered the Electron. The
  manipulation of this sub-atomic particle is
  called electronics.
• Thompson won the nobel prize for Physics in 1906

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Thomas Alva Edison

• In his lifetime Edison patented 1,093 inventions.
• His most famous invention was the incandescent
  light bulb. He also invented the phonograph and
  an early movie film projector.

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Samuel Morse

• Morse was not a scientist but a professional
  artist.
• On an ocean voyage he over heard a conversation
  on electromagnets
• He invented the telegraph and the code that bears
  his name.
• The first telegraph message was sent in 1844.

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Guglielmo Marconi

• Marconi did not invent the concept of radio but
  did develop the first practical inventions in
  radio telegraphy over long distances
• Marconi received the first trans-Atlantic radio
  signal at Signal Hill in St. Johns in 1901
• Marconi received the Nobel Prize in Physics in
  1906.

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Fleming and De Forest

• Sir Ambrose Fleming invented the diode vacuum
  tube in 1902
• Lee De Forest invented the vacuum tube amplifier
  in 1906
• Both these developments led to the radio, long
  distance phone service, the television, and the
  first computer.

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Shockley, Bardeen, Brattain

• Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain are credited with
  the research that led to the invention of the
  transistor in 1948. This device forms the basis
  of all electronic devices used today including
  computers
• They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for
  1956

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Kilby and Noyce

• Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, working
  independently, invented the Integrated Circuit
  or Microchip in 1958.
• Noyce was one of the founders of Intel, the
  worlds largest chip maker. You are reading
  this on a computer using an Intel processor.
• Kilby invented the calculator and won the Nobel
  prize in Physics in 2000.

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The Simplest Circuit

• The simplest circuit consists of
• A source of electrical current
• A conducting path
• A control element (Switch)
• Something that converts electrical energy to some
  other form of energy (called a load resistance)
• An Open Circuit has no complete path for current
  flow, a Closed Circuit does!

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Simplest Circuit (contd)

• When the control element is activated (a switch
  closing), current will flow in the circuit until
  the energy of the source is exhausted.
• A circuit diagram using standard symbols is
  called a Schematic from the Latin Schema (plan).

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Simplest Circuit (contd)

• There are a number of electrical parameters
  (measurements) that are of importance. The 3
  most basic are
• Electric Potential Difference - measured in Volts
• Electric Current - measured in Amperes
• Resistance - measured in Ohms

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Simplest Circuit (contd)

• Electric Potential Difference can be very loosely
  defined as the electric pressure which forces
  electric current through a conductor
• Electric Current is the flow of electric charge
  through a conductor is a unit of time
• Resistance is the opposition to the flow of
  current through the conductor

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Simplest Circuit (contd)

• In the next slide, a voltmeter and an ammeter are
  used to measure the electrical properties of a
  circuit
• It is important to connect these devices to the
  circuit in the proper way

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Simplest Circuit (contd)

• The 3 parameters of an electrical circuit are
  related mathematically. That relationship is
  defined by Ohms Law and is
• E IR or more commonly VIR
• V Electric Potential (volts)
• I Current (amps)
• R Resistance (ohms)

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Sample Calculation Ohms Law

• Sample Problem The voltage is measured at 3
  volts and the current at 0.5 amperes. What is
  the resistance of the load resistor?
• Given V 3v, I 0.5a, R ?
• Solving for R R V / I
• R 3 /0.5
• R 6R

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Simplest Circuit (contd)

• There are other electrical parameters that can be
  measured such as Power (Watts) Energy (Joules)
• The diagram on the right is used by technicians

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Electronic Components

• A basic knowledge of electronics is not complete
  unless the student can identify the basic
  components.
• A useful exercise is to take a surplus /obsolete
  circuit board and identify as many components as
  possible.
• The following slides will help identify common
  components.

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