Asia: China, Japan, and Vietnam

1
Asia China, Japan, and Vietnam

• 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.

Originally created by Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace
Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
2
Imperial China Tang Song Dynasties
618 A.D. -1279 A.D.
3
(No Transcript)
4
Reunification

• For over 400 years when China was divided into
  three separate states, the Wei in the north, Wu
  in the south, and Shu in the west, the ideal of
  Chinese unification was not.
• Chinese language, ideology, culture, and
  administration had remained virtually intact.
• Unification was achieved under the Sui Dynasty
  who provided the restoration of military power,
  economic productivity, and administrative
  integrity but massive public works led to the
  disintegration of the Sui in a very short time.

5
The Rise of the Tang

• The leading general of the Sui seized control of
  the state and under the imperial name Gaozu
  established the new Tang Dynsasty in 618 C.E.
• Like we have seen before, when the Sui fell after
  over-extending itself militarily and
  economically, the Tang continued and even
  expanded the empire.
• The state was now beyond China-proper and to
  outer China, Mongolia, Central Asia, Pakistan,
  and Iran. China also expanded into northern
  Vietnam, Korea, and culturally into Japan.

6
Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.

• Imperial examination system perfected.
• Liberal attitude towards all religions.
• Spread of Buddhism into China with Tibet now the
  center of Buddhism. Why?
• Golden Age of foreign relations with other
  countries. ?
• Japan, Korea, Persia

7
Tang Government Organization
8
Tang Dynasty, 618-907

• New technologies
• Printing ? moveable print ?
• Porcelain
• Gunpowder
• Mechanical clocks
• More cosmopolitan culture.
• Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road.
• Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia. ?

9
Empress Wu Zetian, 624-705

• The only female Empress in Chinas history who
  ruled alone. ?
• Searched for outstanding individuals to attract
  to her court.
• Construction of new irrigation systems.
• Buddhism was the favored statereligion.
• Financed the building of many Buddhist
  temples.
• BUT She appointed cruel and sadistic
  ministers to seek out her enemies.

10
Tang Culture

• Buddhist religious art
• Worlds first pharmacopoeia
• Poetry with ties to Buddhism, Confucianism, and
  Daoism
• Silk Road

11
Foot-Binding in Tang China

• Broken toes by 3 years of age.

• Size 5 ½ shoe on the right

12
Foot-Binding

• Mothers bound their daughters feet.

13
Foot-Binding

• For upper-class girls, it became a new custom.

14
The Results
15
Tang Legacies

• The three centuries of Sui and Tang rule
  consolidated the theory and practice of Chinese
  imperial rule even to the present.
• With only a few brief times in history, China has
  been united for a continuous period of more than
  fourteen centuries.
• Chinese assimilation of barbarian tribes would
  define the current confines of Chinese culture
  and in time these barbarian tribes would rise up.
  
• One such tribe were the Turkish Uighurs who led
  their army in defense of the Tang and eventually
  helped to led to its subsequent downfall.

16
(No Transcript)
17
Song Dynasty 960-1279

• Following the Tang collapse, warlords ruled China
  until the Song Dynasty reimposed centralized
  imperial rule.
• However, the Song never built a powerful state
  because they never military leaders and placed
  much more emphasis on civil administration,
  industry, education, and the arts.
• Civil servants would go onto to control all
  aspects of Chinese society including the military
  and large sums and salaries were levied to
  encourage others to adapt.

18
Song Sung Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.

• Creation of an urban, merchant, middle
  class.
• Increased emphasis on education cheaper
  availability of printed books.
• Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power!
  ?

19
Song Peasant Family
20
Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song fm. SE Asia
21
Song Rice Cultivation
22
Song Decline

• The Song approach to a more centralized imperial
  government led to its eventual split and fall
  Financial and Military
• During the first half of the Song Dynasty, the
  Khitan of Manchuria demanded and received large
  tribute payments of silk and silver.
• The Song Dynasty in time with the incursion from
  the north would move its empire to Hangzhou and
  survived only in southern China.
• The Southern Song would remain until 1279 when
  the Mongol forces ended the dynasty and
  incorporated southern China into their empire.

23
Chinese Dynasties

• Shang 1600-1100 BCE
• Zhou 1100-256
• Qin 221-206
• Han 202 BCE - 220 CE
• Three Kingdoms 220-65
• Shu, Wei, and Wu

• Northern and Southern Dynasties 265-598
• Sui 581-618
• Tang 618-907
• Song 960-1279
• Yuan 1279-1368
• Ming 1368-1644
• Manchu (Qing) 1644-1912

24
Feudal Japan
Early Japanese Society
25
Japan
26
Early Japanese Society

• The first signs of civilization and stable living
  patterns appeared in the Mesolithic Era.
• Japan is a series of thousands of islands and it
  is believed trade and contact with areas as far
  as Okinawa was common.
• During the Han and Wei Dynsasties, Chinese
  travelers to what is now Kyushu which is south of
  main island Honshu,met descendents of the Taibo
  or Wu.
• Yamato polity was the main ruling power in Japan
  from the middle of the 3rd century until 710.

27
Yamato Period

• The Yamato Period is divided into two periods
  The Kofun Period (mid 3rd c-mid 6th c) defined by
  a tumulus-building culture and the Asuka Period
  (mid 6th c-710) defined as a time in which the
  capital was in Asuka, near present-day Nara.
• During the 5th and 6th Centuries, there was much
  contact between the Baekje Kingdom of Korea and
  the Yamato State.
• This contact brought Buddhism to Japan and
  military support to the Baekje.

28
Yamato Period 300-710

• Began promoting the adoption of Chinese culture
• Confucianism.
• Language (kanji characters).
• Buddhist sects.
• Chinese art architecture.
• Government structure.

Great Kings era
29
Zen Buddhism

• A Japanese variation of the Mahayana
  form of Buddhism, which came from India
  through China and Korea.
• It reinforced the Bushido values of mental
  and self-discipline.

30
Yamato Period

• Tang Dynasty Chinese influences during the Nara
  period were centralized imperial government,
  aesthetics, and religion instead of military
  advances during the Kofun-Asuka Eras.
• The Kofun Period (mound people) saw the
  establishment of strong military states centered
  around powerful clans in the Yamato area.
• The Yamato Court is the origin of the Japanese
  imperial lineage.

31
Yamato Period

• The Asuka period is when the proto-Japanese
  society clearly developed into a centralized
  state, codification of laws, and Buddhist.
• One of the most well known of the Asuka period
  was Prince Shotoku who devoted his efforts to
  spread Buddhism and Chinese culture in Japan.

32
Prince Shotoku 573-621

• Adopted Chinese culture and Confucianism.
• Buddhist sects allowed to develop.
• Created a new government structure
• 17 Article Constitution in 604. ?

33
Empire of the Sun

• In a letter brought to the emperor of China by an
  emissary from Japan stated that the Emperor of
  the Land where the Sun rises sends a letter to
  the Emperor where the Sun sets. Impact?
• Taika Reform Edicts of 645 intensified Japanese
  adoption of Chinese cultural practices,
  government, and administration.
• This also paved the way for the dominance of
  Confucian philosophy in Japan that would last
  until the 19th Century.

34
Nara Period

• The Nara Period (8th c) marked the emergence of a
  strong Japanese state. The capital was moved to
  Heijo-kyo, near present-day Nara.
• It was modeled after the Chinese capital of the
  day, Changan. (Xian)
• In 784 to limit the powers of the Buddhist
  clergy, the capital was moved again to Heian-kyo,
  present-day Kyoto.
• It was during this time a Japanese version of
  creation began. These myths centered around the
  Emperor Jimmu, a direct descendent of the Shinto
  deity Amaterasu or the Sun Goddess.

35
Imperial Line

• The myths also claim Jimmu started a line of
  emperors that remains unbroken to this day.
  However, there is dispute over the origin of
  Jimmu.
• For most of Japans history, actual political
  power has not been in the hands of the
  emperor,but in the hands of court nobility, the
  shoguns, the military, and more recently, the
  prime minister.

36
Heian Period 794-1156

• Characteristics
• Growth of large landed estates.
• Arts literature of China flourished.
• Elaborate court life highly refined
• ETIQUETTE. ?
• Final period of classical Japanese history
• Great novel
• The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu
  1000 pgs. ?
• Moving away from Chinese models in religion,
  the arts, and government. ?

37
Heian PeriodCultural Borrowing

1. Chinese writing.
2. Chinese artistic styles.
3. Buddhism in the form of ZEN.
4. BUT, not the Chinese civil service system! ?

38
Heian Court Dress
39
The Pillow Bookby Sei Shonagon (diary)
40
Tale of Genji (first novel)
41
Tale of Genji Scroll(first novel)
42
Lady Murasaki Shikibu
She contributed much to the Japanese script known
as kana, while men wrote with Chinese characters,
kanji.
43
Feudal Japan

• The reigning families of the Shogun

44
Feudal Japan

• The feudal period of Japanese history is
  characterized by powerful, regional aristocratic
  families (daimyo) and the military rule of
  warlords (shogun).
• The three most important clans were the Minamoto
  clan, the Taira clan, and the Fujiwara clan.

45
Kamakura Period 1185-1333

• The Kamakura Period marks the governance of the
  Kamakura Shogunate and the transition to the
  Japanese medieval era, a roughly 700-year
  period in which the Emperor,the court, and the
  traditional central government were left intact.
• Civil, military, and judicial matters were
  controlled by the bushii (samarai) class, the
  most powerful of which was the shogun.
• The first appointed Shogun by the emperor was
  Minamoto no Yoritomo.

46
Minamoto Yoritomo
Founded the Kamakura Shogunate 1185-1333
47
Kamakura Period

• After Yoritomos death, another warrior clan,the
  Hojo came to rule as regents for the shoguns.
• Mongol invasions of Japan between 1272 and 1281
  (Kamikaze) or divine wind
• Although the invasion attempt was unsuccessful,
  it lead to the fall of the Kamakura with the
  extinction of the shogunate.
• The Kamakura Period is known as Japans Middle
  Ages which includes the Muromachi Period and
  lasted until the Meijii Restoration.

48
MongolInvasionsof Japan
4,400 ships and 140,000 men, but kamikaze winds
stopped them.
49
The emperor reigned, but did not always rule!
Feudal Society
50
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on
loyalty, the holding of land, and military
service. Japan
Shogun
Land - Shoen
Loyalty
Daimyo
Daimyo
Land - Shoen
Loyalty
Samurai
Samurai
Samurai
Food
Protection
Peasant
Peasant
Peasant
Peasant
51
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on
loyalty and military service
52
Code of Bushido

• Fidelity
• Politeness
• Virility
• Simplicity

53
Seppuku Ritual Suicide
It is honorable to die in this way.
Kaishaku his seconds
54
Full Samurai Attire
55
Samurai Sword
56
Early Mounted Samurai Warriors
57
Underpinnings Basic Steps in Self Defense
A COTTON BREECH CLOUT that extended up over the
chest was the basic undergarment of a samurais
costume
A SHORT SLEEVED KIMONO, or armor robe, was
tied snugly at the waist with a special knot
(lower right)
58
BILLOWING PANTALOONS,worn over the armor robe,
fitted loosely in the legs to allow freedom of
movement
AN EXQUISITE BROCADE, richly worked with a design
of peonies, was one of the extravagant materials
used in an armor robe that may have been made for
a 14th Century imperial prince
STURDY SHINGUARDS of cloth or leather were
reinforced with strips of iron to give protection
from the front
59
Samurai Charging
60
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on
loyalty, the holding of land, and military
service. Europe
King
Land - Fief
Loyalty
Lord
Lord
Land - Fief
Loyalty
Knight
Knight
Knight
Food
Protection
Peasant
Peasant
Peasant
Peasant
61
Code of Chivalry

• Justice
• Loyalty
• Defense
• Courage
• Faith
• Humility
• Nobility

62
Medieval Warriors
vs.
European knight
Samurai Warrior
63
Osaka Castle
64
Medieval Warriors
vs.
Knights Armor
Samurai Armor
65
Caernorfon Castle, Wales
66
End of Kamakura Period

• The Kamakura Period ended in 1333 with the
  destruction of the shogunate and short
  reestablishment of imperial rule, the Kemmu
  restoration, under the Emperor Go-Daigo by
  Ashikaga Takauji clan.
• The Muromachi Period (1336-1573) marks the
  governance of the Ashikaga shogunate, also called
  the Muromachi shogunate, who seized power from
  Emperor Go-Daigo ending the Kemmu restoration.

67
Ashikaga Age (Muromachi) 1338-1573

• Shoguns fought for power.
• Laws are unclear.
• Less efficient than the Kamakura.
• Imperial court split in two
• Armies of samurai protected the country. ?

68
The Age of the Warring States(1467 - 1568)

• Castles built on hills in different
  provinces.
• Power shifts from above to below.
• Europeans arrive in Japan ? bringing
  firearms Christianity.
• Christianity foreign trade flourish.

69
Japanese Dynasties

• Yamota Period 250-710
• Kofun Period 250-538
• Asuka Period 538-710
• Nara Period 710-794
• Heian Period 794-1185
• Kamakura Period 1185-1333
• Kemmu Restoration 1333-1336
• Muramachi Period 1336-1573

70
Vietnam

• From Chinese Domination to Independent Kingdom

71
Geography of Vietnam

• Situated on in SE Asia on Indochinese Peninsula
• 2000 miles of coastline
• Tropical rainforests, mountains, and mighty
  rivers form life blood of region.

72
Early Societies

• Evidence of the early established society was
  found in Co Loa, the ancient city near
  present-day, Hanoi.
• According to legend, Qins renegade general Zhao
  Tuo controlled the region and created the empire
  known as Nam Yue.
• Many tribes from the north migrated into what is
  now Vietnam settling along the Red River.
• Chinese domination is believed to have begun in
  earnest under the Han with brief periods where
  local leaders asserted their independence.

73
Period of Chinese Domination

• History of Vietnam began 2,700 years ago with
  successive Chinese dynasties ruling Vietnam for
  most of the period from 111 B.C. until 938 when
  Vietnam regained its independence.
• Vietnam remained a tributary state to its larger
  neighbor but repelled invasions by the Chinese
  including three invasions by the Mongols between
  1254 and 1284.
• King Tran Nhan Tong later diplomatically
  submitted Vietnam to a tributary of the Yuan to
  avoid further conflicts. Vietnams independent
  period would last until the 19th Century.

74
Early Independence 938-1009

• As China became fragmented in the 10th Century,
  successive lords from the Khuc family ruled
  autonomously under the Tang title Tiet Do Su
  (Virtuous Lord).
• In 938,the kingdom of the Southern Han sent
  troops to conqueror the Tiet Do Su. However, the
  Han were defeated and King Ngo began the age of
  independence of Vietnam.
• Ngô Quy?n was declared King and was officially
  recognized by Imperial China in 939. In the
  process, Annam (future Vietnam) gained full
  independence and governmental autonomy ever since
  (with the exception of a 20-period of military
  occupation by the Ming Dynasty in the early 1400s.

75
Upheaval of the Twelve Warlords

• King Ngo Quyens reign was short and led to a
  power struggle for the throne which became the
  countrys first civil war.
• The wars of succession lasted from 945 to 967
  when the clan led by Dinh Bo Linh defeated the
  other warlords, unifying the country.
• Dinh founded the Dinh Dynasty and proclaimed
  himself the first emperor (Tien Hoang) of Dai Co
  Viet (Great Viet Land).
• However the Song Dynasty only recognized him as a
  prince.

76
The Dinh Dynasty

• Emperor Dinh introduced strict penal codes to
  prevent chaos from happening again and formed
  alliances by granting the title of Queen to five
  women from the five most influential families.
• Emperor Dinh and his son were assassinated and in
  the vacuum the Song attacked but were repelled.
• A new emperor, Emperor Le Hoan, would come to
  power and began Vietnams southward expansion
  into the Kingdom of Champa.

77
Independent Period of Dai Viet 1010-1527

• In 1009, a palace guard commander named Ly Cong
  Uan was to take the throne in a series of
  succession struggles.
• The Ly Dynasty is regarded as the beginning of
  the golden era in Vietnamese history.
• Ly Cong Uan changed the countrys name to Dai
  Viet or Great Viet. The Ly Dynasty is credited
  with laying down the foundations for the nation
  of Vietnam.

78
Ly Cong Uan

• Moved capital to present-day Hanoi then called
  Thang Long or Ascending Dragon
• Strong economy was key to national survival not
  military prowess
• Successors would create universities
• Examination system akin to Chinese
• New taxation system
• Humane treatment of prisoners and others

79
Role of Women in Ly Society

• Women were allowed to hold important roles in Ly
  Society as tax collectors
• Buddhism was also promoted
• Pluralist attitude towards Buddhism,
  Confucianism, and Daoism
• During the Ly Dynasty, The Song Dynasty
  officially recognized the Dai Viet monarch as King

80
Ly to the Tran Dynasty

• In 1225 the Tran family, which had effectively
  controlled the Vietnamese throne for many years,
  replaced the Ly Dynasty by arranging a marriage
  between one of its members and the last Ly
  monarch, an eight-year-old princess.
• Under the Tran Dynasty (1225-1400), the country
  prospered and flourished as the Tran rulers
  carried out extensive land reform, improved
  public administration, and encouraged the study
  of Chinese literature.
• The Tran, however, are best remembered for their
  defense of the country against the Mongols and
  the Champa. By 1225, the Mongols controlled most
  of northern China and Manchuria and were eyeing
  southern China, Vietnam, and Champa.

81
Fall of the Tran Dynasty

• The Tr?n dynasty was in turn overthrown by one
  of its own court officials, H? Quý Ly. H? Quý Ly
  forced the last Tr?n king to resign and assumed
  the throne in 1400.
• Although widely blamed for causing national
  disunity and losing the country later to the
  Chinese Ming Dynasty, H? Quý Ly's reign actually
  introduced a lot of progressive, ambitious
  reforms, including the addition of mathematics to
  the national examinations, the open critique of
  Confucian philosophy, the use of paper currency
  in place of coins, the investment in building
  large warships and cannons, and land reform.
• He ceded the throne to his son, H? Hán Thuong,
  in 1401 and assumed the title Thái Thu?ng Hoàng,
  in similar manner to the Tr?n kings.

82
The Le Dynasty 1428-1527

• Le Loi overthrew the Ming called the Lam son
  Revolution.
• 300,000 Ming soldiers killed
• In 1428, Le ascended the throne and renamed the
  country again Dai Viet and moved the capital back
  to Thang Long.
• Land reforms, move away from Buddhism and towards
  Confucianism, and rights for women.

83
Le Loi

• Art became more influenced by Chinese styles
• National maps commissioned
• Writing Dai Viet history
• Opened hospitals and distributed medicines to
  pandemic areas

84
Le Dynasty Art
85
Vietnamese Dynasties

• Dinh Dynasty 968-980
• Prior Le Dynasty 980-1009
• Ly Dynasty 1009-1225
• Tran Dynasty 1225-1400
• Ho Dynasty 1400-1409
• Fourth Chinese Domination 1407-1427
• Le Dynasty 1428-1788