ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

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CHAPTER 7

• ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

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Ideas for the Chapter
Variety of methodologies that may be employed at
different design stages will be discussed in this
chapter Section A Tier 1 Environmental
Performance Tools Section B Tier 2
Environmental Performance Tools Introduction to
Tier 3 Environmental Performance Tools.
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Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE) Goals

• An internal management process that provides
  information to facilitate management decisions
  regarding an organizations environmental
  performance
• Supported by ISO 14001 Environmental management
  systems Specifications with guidance for use,
  1996, 2003.
• By means of the tool ISO/TC 207/SC 4 - develops
  international guidance on EPE, and,
• ISO 14031 Environmental management
  Environmental performance evaluation
  Guidelines, 1999
• ISO/TR 14032 Environmental management -
  Examples of EPE, 1999

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The EPE in context of the ISO 14000 Series
Environmental Management
NEW ITEM ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION( TR 14063)
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Objectives and Benefits of an EPE Program

• Better understanding of an organizations impacts
  on the environment,
• Providing a basis for benchmarking management,
  operational and environmental performance,
• Identifying opportunities for improving
  efficiency of energy and resource usage,
• Determining whether environmental objectives and
  targets are being met,
• Demonstrating compliance with regulations,
• Determining proper allocation of resources,
• Increasing the awareness of employees, and,
• Improving community and customer relations

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EPE Indicators

• Environmental condition indicators (ECIs)
• Provide information about the local, regional,
  national or global condition of the environment
• INTEREST Help an organization to better
  understand the actual impact or potential impact
  of its environmental aspects and assist in the
  planning and implementation of the EPE

• Environmental performance indicators (EPIs)
• Management performance indicators (MPIs)
  policy, people, planning activities, practice,
  procedures, decisions and actions in the
  organization
• Operational performance indicators (OPIs)
  inputs, the supply of inputs, the design,
  installation, operation and maintenance of the
  physical facilities and equipment, outputs and
  their delivery

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Plan-Do-Check-Act Model ISO 14031
     
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Plan-Do-Check-Act Model ISO 14031....

• Plan
• Objective Selection of indicators based on
• significant environmental aspects
• Environmental performance criteria (internal and
  regulatory)
• Views of interested parties (business plan)
• Indicators ECI, EPI, MPI and OPI (see table for
  examples)

• Do assessing performance
• Collecting data -regulations, operating permits,
  EMS procedures and records, reports government
  agencies (production, process, monitoring),
  environmental budgets, chemical inventories,
  storage tanks and spill records.
• Converting data to information
• Evaluating the information
• Communicating the results

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Examples of performance indicators and metrics1
OPI MPI ECI
Raw material used per unit of product (Kg/unit) Environmental costs or budget (/yr) Contaminant concentration in ambient air (µg/m3)
Energy used annually per unit of product (MJ/1000 L product) Percentage of environmental targets achieved () Frequency of photochemical smog events (/yr)
Energy conserved (MJ) Number employees trained ( trained/to be trained) Contaminant concentration in ground- or surface water (mg/L)
Number of emergency events or unplanned shutdowns (/yr) Number of audit findings () Change in groundwater level (m)
Average fuel consumption of vehicle fleet (L/100 Km) Time spent to correct audit findings (person-hr) Contaminant concentration in surface soil (mg/Kg)
Hazardous waste generated per unit of product (Kg/unit) Time spent responding to environmental incidents (person-hr/yr) Concentration of a contaminant in the tissue of a specific local specie (µg/Kg)
Emissions of specific pollutants to air (Ton CO2/yr) Number of complaints from public or employees (/yr) Population of an specific species within a defined area (/m2)
Wastewater discharged per unit of product (1000 L/unit) Number of suppliers contacted about environ. mngment. (/yr) Fish deaths in a specific watercourse (/yr)
Air emissions were exceeded (days/yr) Management levels with specific environ responsabilities () Employee blood lead levels (µg/100 mL)
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Plan-Do-Check-Act Model ISO 14031....

• Check and Act reviewing and improving
  performance
• Objective To identify opportunities for
  improving environmental performance including
• Program cost and benefit
• Progress towards meeting environmental
  performance targets
• How appropriate are the environmental performance
  criteria and indicators
• Data quality and collection methods

Case study1 Implementation of EPE at Mother Dairy
Fruit and Vegetable Ltd., New Delhi, India,
2001 Problem the dairy was monitoring liquid
fuel and electric power consumption together with
the volume of wastewater processed in the
effluent treatment system EPE strategy all
parameters were normalized using the volume of
milk processed Results the dairy increased the
amount of milk processed per unit of electrical
power (23) an diesel fuel consumed (38) and
reductions of wastewater generated (20)
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Case Study Mother Dairy Company - EPIs
Objective Program Performance Indicators Indicator Type
Well water conservation Rain water harvesting Static well water level Well water analysis ECI ECI
Water use reduction Water audit Well water used per volume of milk processed (L water/L milk) OPI
Wastewater treatment efficiency Microbiological analysis of sludge Use of improved microculture Effluent processed (L) Energy consumed (MJ/L effluent) OPI OPI
Employee training and awareness Environmental awareness training Employees trained MPI
Green horticulture On and off-site gardening Biosludge composting by vermiculture Plantings Quantity of compost produced (Kg) OPI OPI
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Example of EPEs application Measuring
Environmental Performance of Industry (MEPI)
Project in Europe

• MEPIs Objective the improvement of internal and
  external transparency about the effects on the
  environment and responses to mitigate them
• MEPIs Tools Environmental Performance
  Indicators physical, business and environmental
  impact
• MEPIs Focus materials and energy use and waste
  emissions at the level of plant and firm

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Tools (indicators) in the MEPI Project
Business activity Physical indicators Business management indicators Impact indicators
Value added (Sales Cost of materials) Sales Operating profit Number of employees Energy and water inputs Waste generation CO2, SO2, Nox and VOCs emissions to air COD/BOD, N, P, heavy metals emissions to water Certifications ISO 14001 and/or EMAS (yes / no) Disclosure of environmental investments (yes / no) Number of non-compliance events reported Emissions of ozone depleting substances to air
MEPIs indicators include generic (Table) and
sector - specific
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Most significant variables influencing
environmental performance in the Paper,
Fertiliser and Electricity Industry in European
Countries
Sector Waste emissiones Air emissions Water emissions Water consumption Energy consumption
Paper N270 Total solid waste(53) Recycled waste(71) CO2 (63) SO2 (44) COD (107) N (91) P (54) Total water consumption (120) Total energy input (39)
Fertiliser N91 Total solid waste (10) SO2 (13) NOx (15) COD (9) N (20) P (12) Heavy metals (17) Total water consumption (26) Total energy input (26)
Electricity N184 Total solid waste (75) CO2 (118) NOx (134) SO2 (135) No variables selected due to missing values Total fuel (16 total oil (78) Renewables (20) Total energy (10)

Numbers in parenthesis indicate available cases
of the total (n)
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Environmental Performance Tools Section A

• Tier 1

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Environmental Performance Main Tools

• Economic Criteria
• Environmental Criteria (Persistence and
  Bioaccumulation)
• Toxicity Criteria and Weighting
• Evaluating Alternative Synthetic Pathways

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Design Synthesis Steps

• Input and Output Structures Known
• Chemical Structures are Known
• Many Alternative Pathways Exist

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Economic Criteria
Estimate the cost of raw materials versus the
value and/or cost of byproducts and products.
The cost of the various options can be estimated
by This is more of a qualitative
analysis because it does not take into account
other potential costs associated with the
production of the given substance (i.e. higher
temperatures require more energy, etc).
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Environmental Criteria

• It only takes into account the substances
  Persistent, Toxic and Bioaccumulating properties.
• Persistence and Bioaccumulation are easily
  estimated and a table shows rating index values
  on the following slide.

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Rating Index (RI)
Persistence Persistence Persistence
Rapid gt60 degradation over 1 week RI 0
Moderate gt30 degradation over 28 days RI 1
Slow lt30 degradation over 28 days RI 2
Very slow lt30 degradation over more than 28 days RI 3
Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation
High Potential 8.0 gt log Kow gt 4.3 or BCF gt 1000 RI 3
Moderate Potential 4.3 gt log Kow gt 3.5 or 1000 gt BCF gt 250 RI 2
Low Potential 3.5 gt log Kow or 250 gt BCF RI 1
Source Green Engineering text, Allen and
Shonnard, pp. 204
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Toxicity Evaluations

• Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
• Definition Airborne concentration limit for
  individual exposures
• in a workplace environment.
• Established by ACGIH -http//www.acgih.org
• Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)
• Definition similar to TLV represents the
  legal implications in defining workplace
  conditions.
• Established by OSHA -http//www.osha.gov/
• Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs)
• Definition more current then PELs solely
  based on toxicity research.
• Established by NIOSH -http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/
  homepage.html

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Toxicity Index
One Toxicity Index can be calculated using
Source Green Engineering, Allen and Shonnard,
pp 205.
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Toxicity Weighting
Taking into account ingestion pathways -
Inhalation Reference Concentration - Oral
Ingestion Slope Factor - Unit Risk - IRIS
database is one source of data
http//www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris/subst/index.html
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The toxic weighting factor (Ftox) represents the
weight to be given to each substance to make
possible the comparison of the discharges.
The toxic weighting factor is defined as the
inverse of the most stringent water quality
criterion for each substance (MSCi)
Ftox i 1/MSCi
MSCi min (CTACi, CCOAi)
This is a dimensionless number, and represents
the toxic potential to be assigned to a given
pollutant to evaluate its relative importance in
the discharges.
Source http//www.slv2000.qc.ca/plan_action/phase
1/chimiotox_a.pdf
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Evaluating Alternative
Synthetic Pathways

• A general Composite Index of the overall
  input-output structure can be established with
  the substances PBT properties and can also rely
  on the emission rates.

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• Methods of applying Weighting Factors
• 1) Toxicity as Weighting Factor.
• 2) US EPA Toxicity Approach.
• 3) Using PBT Weighting Factors.

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Environmental Performance ToolsSection BTier 2
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Tier 2 Environmental Performance Tools
Topics covered in this section

• Environmental Release Assessment
• Release Quantification Methods
• Modeled Release Estimates
• Release Characterization and Documentation
• Assessing Environmental Performance

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Design Synthesis Steps
Basic information needed

• Preliminary Process Flowsheets.
• Basic Knowledge of Unit Operations.
• Rough Estimate of Unit Operation Sizing.

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Environmental Release Assessment
Necessary Knowledge about Releases
Environment includes - Water - Air -
Land Releases may include Spilling -
Leaking - Pumping Pouring - Emitting -
Emptying Discharging - Injecting -
Escaping Leaching - Dumping into the
environment Disposing into the environment
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Release Assessment Components
Obtain/Diagram A process Flowsheet
Identify Purpose and Need for Release Assessment
Identify and List Waste and Emission Streams
(WESs)
Determine Additional WESs
Determine best method for quantifying the
release rate of each WES
Determine data/info needed to use the methods
determined
Document release assessment include
characterization of estimate uncertainties
Quantify chemicals release rates frequencies
the media in which it is released
Collect data info to fill in the gaps
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Process Analysis

• When analyzing flowsheets, account for missing
  releases that include
• Fugitive Emissions (which include leaks).
• Venting of Equipment (including breathing and
  displacement losses).
• Periodic Equipment Cleaning (frequent and
  infrequent).
• Transport Container Residuals (including drums,
  totes, tank trucks, rail cars and barges).
• Incomplete Separations (including destilation,
  gravity phase separation and filtration).

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Process Analysis... continues

• Determining the manner in which substances are
  released is crucial in assessing environmental
  impacts
• Releases can also occur on and off site,
  including
• - Air include primary and secondary emissions.
• - Water transfers into streams or water bodies.
• - Underground Injection generally into wells.
• - Land within the boundaries of the facility.

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Air Primary Emissions Stacks Emissions
There are different dispersion patterns to
high-stack (over 75 meters), medium-stack (25
meters75 meters) and low-stack sources (less
than 25 meters). High-stack sources are
synonymous with modern power plants medium-stack
sources with large industrial plants, district
heating plants, and suboptimal power utilities
and low-stack, or low-level, sources with small
industrial and commercial users, transport, and
the domestic sector.
Source http//lnweb18.worldbank.org/SAR/sa.nsf/At
tachments/FFCh2/File/FFCh2.pdf
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Air Secondary Emissions Fugitive Emissions
The sources of fugitive emissions are categorized
as (1) industrial processes, operations,
activities, or materials that emit particulate or
chemical pollutants or (2) activities or
operations that create fugitive dust.
Particulates that become airborne by wind
and/or human activity are also referred to as
fugitive dust.
Source http//www.seattle.battelle.org/forscom/H
ot_Air/Fugitive.htm
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Release Quantification Methods
1. Measured release data for the chemical or
indirectly measured release data using mass
balance or stoichiometric ratios. 2. Release
data for a surrogate chemical with similar
release-affecting properties and used in the same
(or very similar) process. Surrogate data may be
measured, indirectly measured, modeled or some
combination of these. Some emission factors
would be considered to be surrogate data.
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3. Modeled release estimates a.
Mathematically modeled (eg) release estimates for
the chemical or by analogy to a surrogate
chemical. b. Rule of thumb release
estimates, or those being developed using
engineering judgement.
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Measured Release Data for the Chemical

• Usually only applicable for actual processes
• For a continuous process
• Can also be estimated using the chemicals weight
  fraction and the mass flowrate of the release
  stream

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Release Data for a Surrogate Chemical

• By using surrogate chemical data, it should be
  ensured that there exist similarities in some
  physical/chemical properties of the chemicals,
  unit ops and their operating conditions and
  quantities of chemical throughput.

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Emission Factors
- Usually only used for Air Emissions. - Many
databases exist containing these factors.
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A. Average Marginal CO2 Emissions Factors for
Electricity Generation by EPA Region (2000)
Source http//www.epa.gov/appdstar/
pdf/brochure.pdf
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B. CO2 Emission Factors by Fuel Type per Unit
Volume, Mass, and Energy

Source http//www.epa.gov/appdstar/p
df/brochure.pdf
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Emissions from Process Units and Fugitive Sources
Equation for Rate of Emission Where mvoc
is the mass fraction of the VOC in the stream or
process unit, EFav is the average emissions
factor ascribed to the stream or process unit (kg
emitted/103kg throughput), M is the mass flow
rate through the unit (mass/time). See
tables with lists of various factors examples.
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Losses of Residuals from Cleaning of Drums and
Tanks

• Nature of the cleaning process should be
  considered
• Capacities.
• Shapes.
• Materials of construction of the vessels to be
  cleaned.
• Cleaning schedule.
• The residual quantity of the chemical in the
  vessels.
• The type and amount of solvent used (aq. Vs.
  Organic).
• Solubility/miscibility of the chemical in the
  solvent.
• If applicable, treatment of wastewater containing
  the chemical.

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Secondary Emissions from Utility Sources

• Utility use is extensive in causing environmental
  impact.
• Emission estimation equations
• Where
• ED is the energy demand of a process unit
• (energy demand/unit/yr).
• EF is the emission factor for the fuel type
• (kg/volume of fuel combusted).
• FV is the fuel value (energy/volume fuel
  combusted).
• BE is the boiler efficiency (unitless 0.75-0.9
  typical values).

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Where ED is the electricity demand of a
process unit (energy demand/unit/yr). EF is the
emission factor for the fuel type (kg/volume of
fuel combusted). ME is the efficiency of the
device.
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Modeled Release Estimates

• Process design software account for some
  releases, but not all. The following slides will
  introduce information that allows the calculation
  of the missed releases
• - Loading transport containers
• - Evaporative losses from static liquid pools
• - Storage tank working and breathing loss.

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Loading Transport Containers

• Quantity of evaporative losses from a loading
  container is a function of
• - Physical and chemical characteristics of the
  previous cargo
• - Method of unloading the previous cargo
• - Operations to transport the empty carrier to a
  loading terminal
• - Method of loading the new cargo
• - Physical and chemical characteristics of the
  new cargo

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Evaporative Losses from Static Liquid Pools
- Evaporation Rate Where G is the
generation rate (lb/hr), M is the molecular
weight (lb/lb mole), P is the vapor pressure (in
Hg), A is the area (ft2), Dab is the diffusion
coefficient (ft2/s of a through b is air), Vz is
the air velocity (ft/min), T is the temperature
(K), ?z is the pool lenght along flow direction
(ft).
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- Diffusion Coefficient
Where the units are Dab
(cm2/s), M (g/gmole), Pt
(atm), T (K).
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Storage Tank Working and Breathing Loss

• Two types of losses exist
• - Working Losses (originating from the raising
  and lowering of the liquid level in the tank as a
  result of raw material utilization and production
  of product)
• - Standing Losses (originating from daily
  temperature and ambient pressure fluctuations)

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Release Characterization and Documentation
The uncertainty depends on how well we know the
process, how well we understand the estimation
method and its data and parameters, and how well
the method and parameters seem to match up with
those expected for the actual process.
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HIGH EFFICIENCY GENERATION OF HYDROGEN FUELS
USING NUCLEAR POWER

• A thermochemical water-splitting cycle is a set
  of chemical reactions that sum to the
  decomposition of water into hydrogen.

• The Sulfur-Iodine cycle, an example of a pure
  thermochemical water-splitting cycle.

The objective of this work is to define an
economically feasible concept for the production
of hydrogen, by nuclear means, using an advanced
high temperature nuclear reactor as the energy
source.
Source web.gat.com/hydrogen/images/pdf20files/
brown_si_cycle.pdf
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Section 1 Chemical recycle and acid generation
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Section 2 Sulfuric acid concentration and
decomposition
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Section 3 Hydrogen iodide concentration and
decomposition
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Assessing Environmental Performance
Two types of overall assessments can be used
1. Evaluates the treatablility or costs of
treatment of the waste streams. 2. Evaluates a
set of environmental performance indicators
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a. Energy consumed from all sources within the
manufacturing or delivery process per unit of
manufactured output. b. Total mass of materials
used directly in the product, minus the mass of
the product, per unit of manufactured output. c.
Water consumption per unit of manufactured
output. d. Emissions of targetted pollutants per
unit of manufactured output. e. Total
pollutantsper unit of manufactured output.
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Environmental Performance ToolsIntroductionTier
3
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Introduction to Tier 3 Environmental Performance
Tools

• Design synthesis steps.
• - Detailed process flowsheets.
• - Equipment specifications.
• - Energy specifications.
• Limited design alternatives to screen.
• More is known, therefore all knowledge should be
  incorporated into the evaluation.