Hamlet by William Shakespeare

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Hamlet by William
Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare(1564-1616)
An English poet and playwright who is Widely
regarded as the greatest writer in the English
language and the worlds preeminent(??) dramatist
. He is often called England's national poet and
the "Bard of Avon".
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• A respected poet and playwright in his own day,
  but his reputation did not rise to its present
  heights until the 19th century.
• His work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered
  by new movements in scholarship and performance.
  His plays remain highly popular today and are
  constantly studied, performed and reinterpreted
  in diverse cultural and political contexts
  throughout the world

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The life of Shakespeare

• Born on the 23rd of April,1564
• attend the local grammar school at the age of six
• Help his father in the trade at the age of
  seventeen
• Start to the touch the theatrical performances
• Arrive in London in 1586
• Well-known in 1581
• Died on the 23rd of April,1616

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About his works

• The works of William Shakespeare are a
  great land mark in the history of world
  literature. He was the first founders of
  realism(????),a masterhood(?????)at realistic
  portrayal of human characters and relations.

Karl Marx regarded Aeschylus and
Shakespeare as the two greatest dramatic
geniuses the world has ever know.
Shakespeare took stories from old sources such as
old drama, novel, chronicles(???)and folk
legends.(????) Under Shakespeares pen, those
stories assumed new meaning and significance.
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• In the expression of art, he inherited
  three traditions of the dramas of ancient Greece
  and Rome, medieval Britain and the European
  Renaissance and developed, innovating creatively
  from the content to the form. His plays try hard
  to reflect the true life and explore the inner
  mysteries, thus can figure out many diverse and
  complex personalities, vivid characters that
  represent the typical figure and social life.

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• During the twenty-two years of his literary
  work he produced 37 plays, two narrative poems
  and 154 sonnets.
• His literary work may be divided into three major
  periods page71
• The first period(1590-1600)
• The second period(1601-1608)
• The third period(1609-1612)

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• His early plays were mainly comedies and
  histories, he raised to the peak of
  sophistication and artistry(???????) by the end
  of the sixteenth century.
• He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608,
  including Hamlet(1601),
• Othello(1604),King Lear(1605), and
  Macbeth(1605), considered some of the finest
  works in the English language

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• Tragedies
• ???????
• (Romeo and Juliet)
• ???(Macbeth)
• ???(King Lear)
• ????(Hamlet)
• ???(Othello)
• ??????(Coriolanus)
• ?????????? (Troilus and Cressida)
• ?????(Timon of Athens) ?

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• Comedies
• ???(The Comedy of Errors)
• ????(All's Well That Ends Well)
• ??(As You Like It)
• ????(A Midsummer Night's Dream)
• ????(Much Ado About Nothing)
• ?????(Measure for Measure
• ????(Twelfth Night or What You Will)
• ?????(The Merchant of Venice)
• ????(Love's Labor's Lost)
• ?????(The Winter's Tale)

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• histories
• ????,???(Henry IV, part 1)
• ????,???(Henry IV, part 2)
• ????(Henry V)
• ????,???(Henry VI, part 1)
• ????,???(Henry VI, part 2)
• ????,???(Henry VI, part 3)
• ????(Henry VIII)
• ????(King John)
• ?????(Richard II)
• ?????(Richard III)

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• poetry
• ????(The Sonnets)
• ?????(A Lover's Complaint)
• ???????(The Rape of Lucrece)
• ????????(Venus and Adonis)
• ??????(The Passionate Pilgrim
• ?????(The Phoenix and the Turtle)

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(No Transcript)
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The summit of Shakespeares artHamlet
To be or not to be that is the
question.ltHamletgt Meaning Is it possible or not?
Is he alive or not? Uneasy lies the head that
wears a crown.ltKing Henry IVgt Meaning The life
of leaders isnt easy. Having many
responsibilities, leaders often cant sleep well.
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Hamlet

• The play, set in Denmark, recounts how Prince
  Hamlet exacts revenge on his uncle Claudius, who
  has murdered Hamlets father, the King, and then
  taken the throne(??) and married Hamlet's mother.
  
• The play vividly charts the course of real and
  unreal madnessfrom overwhelming grief to
  seething(???) rage(??)and explores themes of
  betrayal, revenge, incest(??), and moral
  corruption(????).

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Hamlet

• Type
• Revenge Tragedy, ????
• Romantic Tragedy ????
• Time c. 1200
• Locale Elsinore (???), Denmark
• First presented 1602

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Principal Characters in Hamlet

• Claudius ???? King of Denmark
• Hamlet ???? Son to the former King and
  Nephew to the present King
• Gertrude ???? Queen of Denmark, and
  Mother of Hamlet
• Polonius ???? Lord Chamberlain(????)
• Laertes ???? Son to Polonius
• Ophelia ???? Daughter to Polonius
• Ghost(King Hamlet)?? Hamlet's Father
• Horatio ??? Friend to Hamlet

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• Claudius is shrewd?? and able??, though not
  always ethical?? or moral??, Hamlet describes
  the contest of intelligence and will between them
  as that of ''mighty opposites'' (V.ii.62).
• ?????????????????,?????????,????????????????,????
  ??????????????

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• Gertrude is a negative character in play
  Hamlet.But this article believes that she is a
  weak but brave feminine charactershe lived in a
  weak social surroundings but she has brave
  character. Due to the protection for her son,she
  has devoted her reputation even her personnal
  life.
• ?????  ??  ??

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• Father of Ophelia and Laertes, and Lord
  Chamberlain to King Claudius, he is described as
  a windbag by some and a rambler of wisdom by
  others. It has also been suggested that he only
  acts like a "foolish prating knave" in order to
  keep his position and popularity safe and to keep
  anyone from discovering his plots for social
  advancement.
• ??????????????????????.????????????,??????????.??
  ???????????,??????.??????????????????????.

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Laertes is often portrayed by seemingly humble
actors of the screen, to give a loyal, wholesome
appeal to the character. ????????????????????????
???????????????,???????????????????
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Of all the pivotal characters in Hamlet, Ophelia
is the most static?? and one-dimensional?????.
She has the potential to become a tragic heroine
-- to overcome the adversities inflicted upon her
-- but she instead crumbles?? into insanity,
becoming merely tragic. This is because Ophelia
herself is not as important as her representation
of the dual nature of women in the play.
Ophelias distinct purpose is to show at once
Hamlets warped?? view of women as callous?????
sexual predators, and the innocence and virtue of
women.
???????
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Acts Summary

• ACT 1. The Ghost appears to Horatio and two
  sentinels(??). Laertes and Polonius warn Ophelia
  to stay away from Hamlet.The Ghost appears to
  Hamlet and tells him the murder.
• ACT 2. Polonius sends a sentinel to check up on
  Laertes. Ophelia tells Polonius of Hamlet's
  strange visit. Polonius's theory of Hamlet's
  madness.
• ACT 3. The King and Polonius use Ophelia as
  bait(??) to spy on Hamlet. After the performance
  of "The Murder of Gonzago",the king tries to pray
  and Hamlet misses the chance to kill him. Then,
  Hamlet kills Polonius when overhearing the speech
  between him and his mother.

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• ACT 4. Two courtiers(??) try to find Hamlet for
  the killing of Polonius.Hamlet is sent to England
  and sees Fortinbras(????).Ophelia is mad and
  Laertes demands revenge(??) for Polonius' death.
  Hamlet returns to Denmark. The King and Laertes
  plot their revenge on Hamlet. Queen tells the
  story of Ophelia's drowning.
• ACT 5. Hamlet meets the gravedigger(???) and
  sees Ophelia's funeral. A courtier invites Hamlet
  to the fencing(??) match with Laertes. At the
  match, Laertes, Queen, King and Hamlet all die.

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• Hamlet is a classic example of a tragedy written
  by William Shakespeare.In every tragedy, the
  characters must display some. If every action is
  controlled by a hero's destiny, then the hero's
  death can't be avoided and in "Hamlet" the sad
  part is that it could.
• Hamlet's death could have been avoided many
  times. He had many opportunities to kill
  Claudius, but he did not take advantage of them.
  He is called a vacillating(????) man.
• However, in my opinion, vacillation can never be
  removed from Hamlet.That is the logical result.
  It is the sense of worth that makes Hamlet
  vacillating.

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• Shakespeare took a certain story of Prince
  Amleth from old sources which can be traced to
  the 12th century.
• He, however, was not the first to dramatize
  Hamlets history. In the eighties, a play that
  bore the same name gained popularity among the
  English public. Thomas Kyd is supposed to have
  been the author of this play.
• The whole tragedy is permeated with the
  spirit of Shakespeares own time. Hamlet is the
  profoundest expression of his humanism and his
  criticism of contemporary life.

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????(Shakespeare)???Hamlet?????????????? ??????
????????????????????????????????????Hamlet????????
,????,??????????????????Hamlet????????Hamlet??????
???????????????????,Hamlet??????????????????????
???Freud??????(depth psychology)???????????
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Hamlet????????Hamlet???Hamlet???????(Claudius)???
,????Hamlet???? Ham  Murder! Ghost Murder
most foul, as in the best it is         But
this most foul, strange, and unnatural. Ham 
Haste me to knowt, that I , with wings
as swift        As meditation or the
thoughts of love        May sweep to my
revenge. Ghost   I find thee apt
                       (ACT1 SCENE
5)i
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Hamlet?????????,????????,???????Hamlet???????????
??????,Hamlet??????????????????? Ham   The
time is out of joint --O cursed
spite ,        That ever I was born to set it
right !                       
  (ACT 1 SCENE 5)ii ??????????,??????????
?,??????????????? ????????????????????,?,???????
????????!, ??????????????????,??,????????????!
cursed spite???????(cursed
??????????????????????????????????? spite
???????)    
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Hamlet?????O cursed spite ?????????Hamlet????????
????????????,?????????????????????????,?????Hamlet
???????????.???????
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??Freud?????,???????????????Oedipus/edip?s/??,????
??????,???????,???????????????,?????????????????.?
???,???????????????????????????.??????????????????
?????????????.?????,????????.??,????????,?????????
?????.????,???????,????????????????,??????????,???
?????????.??????Oedipus????????,???????????????.
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????????,??????Hamlet?????.Claudius???Hamlet???,??
??,Claudius?Hamlet???,Hamlet????????.??,Claudius??
???????Hamlet?????????????,?Oedipus?????,Claudius?
Hamlet??????,Claudius??Hamlet???.??????????Hamlet?
??.     Hamlet??????Claudius,???Hamlet????????,???
???Oedipus????????????.??????Claudius????,????????
Oedipus?????.     Claudius?Hamlet???Oedipus???????
?,??????Hamlet???.???,Claudius?????Hamlet??????,??
Oedipus????????.
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Ham  Frailty, thy name is woman?? A little month
, or ere those shoes were old With which she
follow my poor fathers body Like Niobe , all
tears why she , even she (O God ! a beast that
wants discourse of reason Would have mourned
longer)married with my uncle (ACT 1 SCENE
1)iii ?????? ???? ???,????????!????????,???????
??,????????????????????????????,??,???????!??????
?????????????????????. Hamlet??????????????.??,??
????????????????,??,Claudius???Hamlet?Oedipus??,??
?Hamlet????(???)??????????,????????????????.
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??,Claudius???Hamlet???Oedipus????????,???????????
???,????????Oedipus????????,Hamlet???????Claudius.
??????Hamlet??????????????Oedipus???????,?????????
?????.
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Analysis Of A famous Line

• To be or not to be that is the question

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• To be, or not to be is the most famous line in
  English literature. What does it mean? Why are
  these words and what follows special?
• One reason is that they are a stunning example of
  Shakespeares ability to make his characters seem
  three-dimensional. The audience senses that there
  is more to Hamlets words than meets the earthat
  there is something behind his words that is never
  spoken. Or, to put it another way, the audience
  witnesses signs of something within Hamlets mind
  that even he isnt aware of. Hamlet is a
  fictional character who seems to possess a
  subconscious mind.

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• Perhaps it is worthwhile to ask this question if
  a person in a rational state of mind decides to
  act as if he is crazy, to abuse the people around
  him regardless of whether he loves those people
  or hates them, and to give free expression to all
  of his most antisocial thoughts, when he starts
  to carry those actions out, will it even be
  possible to say at what point he stops pretending
  to be crazy and starts actually being crazy?

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Metre

• This passage is written in verse, and the metre
  is primarily iambic pentameter. In certain lines
  the metre is different than the rhythm, stressing
  the importance of the particular phrase.

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Metre

• The opening lines to Hamlets speech provide such
  an example. The line contains as ingle extra
  syllable, ending on a unstressed syllable with
  the word question . Given that that line deals
  with the question of existence or death, again
  Hamlets continual obsession with suicide is
  central. This serves to present an image of him
  as melancholy and unnaturally preoccupied with
  taking his own life. In short, Hamlet is
  presenting himself as deranged in order to
  convince the King and Polonius of his madness.

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Metre

• Lets see the first sentence
• To be or not to be that is the question.
• ??????????,???????????,??????????????

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??, ?? ?? , ?? ????

• ?????????????????????????????????,????????????,???
  ??????????????,????????????????????"??"?"??"??????
  ????????????????????????????,???????????

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Translation about To be, or not to be, that is a
question

• ?????????,????????????
• ????????,?????,?????
• ??????????,?????
• ?????,??,?????
• ??????,????????
• ? ????,?????,???????
• ??????????,??????
• ?????,?????,???????
• ???????,??????
• ????????, ?????????

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Analysis Significance
Character and influence
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There is a thousand Hamlets in a thousand
readers eyes.

• Hamlet is an ideal figure of
  humanism(????) in Renaissance (/rineisns/ ????).
  Hes a prince, according to the tradition, which
  is sure to suceed the kingship. The darkness of
  his times, however, made him have to pretend to
  be mad.

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Humanism
As we all know, Hamlets fathers death was a
shock for him and he could not get over it. At
the same time his mother give him another big
shock, she married the new king Claudius right
away after his father died and hadnt mourned for
it. These made him melancholy /mel?nk?li/ ???.
Hamlet is the typical character of humanism. As a
humanist, he affirms the importance of human
being.
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Soliloquies s?l?l?kwi ??

• What a piece of work is a man,
• how noble in reason,
• how infinite in faculties /fæk?ltis/ ??
• in form and moving,
• how express and admirable in action,
• how like a God the beauty of world,
• the paragon of animals

• Its the hottest praise to human, and also the
  most serious challenge to god, theology(??) and
  church. Because of this kind thought to human in
  hamlets mind, his father is the most perfect
  man, and his parents marriage is the typical
  constant example. This make Hamlet has a humanism
  mind to love, friendship and human nature. So his
  father death and mothers marry conflict to his
  ideal principle. To hamlet, his faith destroyed
  all at once. Its the essential reason for his
  melancholy character.

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Hamlet

• Shakespeares Hamlet focus on this conflict was
  different from other revenge(??) tragedies at the
  same time, which tended to violent acts on stage.
  In Hamlet it emphasized the heros dilemma rather
  than the bloody deeds(??).

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Influence

• Most of Shakespeares works were based on
  original plays, novels,chronicles and folklore,
  but he melted his own ideas into these works,
  which had cast brand new, abundant and profound
  blood on them. His works were not shakled by
  three unities(???) and broke the limits of comedy
  and tragedy, trying to reflect the initial life
  to the audience and showing the deepest part of
  humanism.

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Summary
It is estimated that Shakespeare used 20
thousand different words troughout all his works.
He tended to use dialect and native languages and
obtained foreign languages as well. Whats more,
imagery(??), metaphor(??) and paronomasia
pær?n?umeizi? (???) etc. were widely used in
his works, which had created a large variety of
characters. One of his friends, William Jones
said, He is not of a period of times, but the
whole centry.
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Critical history

• From the early 17th century, the play was famous
  for its ghost and vivid dramatization of
  melancholy(??) and insanity(??), leading to a
  procession of mad courtiers and ladies in
  Jacobean and Caroline drama.
• This view changed drastically in the 18th
  century, when critics regarded Hamlet as a heroa
  pure, brilliant young man thrust into unfortunate
  circumstances.
• By the mid-18th century, however, the advent of
  Gothic literature(?????) brought psychological
  and mystical readings, returning madness and the
  Ghost to the forefront.

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• Not until the late 18th century did critics and
  performers begin to view Hamlet as confusing and
  inconsistent. Before then, he was either mad, or
  not either a hero, or not with no in-betweens.
• By the 19th century, Romantic critics valued
  Hamlet for its internal, individual conflict
  reflecting the strong contemporary emphasis on
  internal struggles and inner character in
  general.

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• Then too, critics started to focus on Hamlet's
  delay as a character trait, rather than a
  plot(??) device.
• This focus on character and internal struggle
  continued into the 20th century, when criticism
  branched in several directions, discussed in
  context and interpretation below.

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Dramatic structure

• in Shakespeare's day, plays were usually expected
  to follow the advice of Aristotle(?????) in his
  Poetics .
• In Hamlet, Shakespeare reverses(??) this so that
  it is through the soliloquies(??), not the
  action, that the audience learns Hamlet's motives
  and thoughts. The play is full of seeming
  discontinuities and irregularities(???) of
  action.

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The play is full of seeming discontinuities and
irregularities??? of action. (At one point, as in
the Gravedigger scene,Hamlet seems resolved to
kill Claudius in the next scene, however, when
Claudius appears, he is suddenly tame????).
Scholars still debate whether these twists are
mistakes or intentional additions to add to the
play's theme of confusion and duality???.
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Finally, in a period when most plays ran for two
hours or so, the full text of HamletShakespeare's
longest play, with 4,042 lines, totalling 29,551
wordstakes over four hours to deliver.Hamlet
also contains a favourite Shakespearean device, a
play within the play.
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Philosophical

• Hamlet is often perceived as a philosophical
  character, expounding ideas that are now
  described as relativist????, existentialist????,
  and sceptical????.
• For example, he expresses a
  relativistic???(??)? idea when he says to
  Rosencrantz "there is nothing either good or
  bad, but thinking makes it so".
• The clearest example of existentialism ????is
  found in the "to be, or not to be" speech, where
  Hamlet uses "being" to allude to?? both life and
  action, and "not being" to death and inaction

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Hamlet reflects the contemporary
scepticism???? that prevailed in Renaissance
humanism.Prior to Shakespeare's time, humanists
had argued that man was God's greatest creation,
made in God's image and able to choose his own
nature, but this view was challenged, notably in
Michel de Montaigne's Essais of 1590. Hamlet's
"What a piece of work is a man" echoes many of
Montaigne's ideas, but scholars disagree whether
Shakespeare drew directly from Montaigne or
whether both men were simply reacting similarly
to the spirit of the times.