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Introduction to Pharmacology

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Introduction to Pharmacology Jan Bazner-Chandler CPNP, CSN, MSN, RN Pharmacology The study of drugs (chemicals) that alter functions of living organisms. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Introduction to Pharmacology


1
Introduction to Pharmacology
  • Jan Bazner-Chandler
  • CPNP, CSN, MSN, RN

2
Pharmacology
  • The study of drugs (chemicals) that alter
    functions of living organisms.
  • Used to prevent, diagnose or treat signs,
    symptoms and disease process
  • Drugs dont often cure but work to relieve
    symptoms or alter disease course.
  • Drugs in the form of vaccinations can prevent
    disease

3
Grouping and Naming of Drugs
  • Drugs are grouped according to their effects on
    body systems, therapeutic use and chemical
    characteristics.

4
Drug Classifications
  • The names of drug groups reflect their chemical
    characteristics rather than their therapeutic
    uses
  • Throughout your nursing career you will be
    thinking in terms of drug classifications
  • There may be more than one drug that can do the
    job

5
Prototype Drugs
  • The million dollar pill
  • First drug of a particular group to be developed
  • Penicillin did not exist before the 1940s
  • One of the first antibiotics to treat strep
    related illness
  • High rate of systemic complications due to
    strep-throat heart valve infections,
    meningitis, encephalitis etc

6
Drug Names
  • Generic name related to the chemical or official
    name amoxicillin (the pink bubble gum
    medication given to millions of infants /
    children for otitis media or ear infection.
  • Trade name is a name given to the drug by the
    manufacturer
  • Amoxil, Trimox
  • Trade name capitalized
  • Generic name in lower case

7
Cost
  • Trade name drugs are more expensive
  • Generic name drugs less expensive
  • When filling a prescription the insurance company
    will often ask if the they can fill the
    prescription with a generic drug
  • Alleve (OTC) medication is less expensive than
    Naproxen
  • Chemical make-up is not quite identical

8
Prescription v Non prescription
  • Prescription drugs need to be prescribed by a
    physician, nurse practitioner or physician
    assistant
  • OTC or over-the-counter drug does not require a
    prescription
  • Some of the drugs that use to be prescription are
    now OTC

9
American Drug Laws and Standards
  • Food, drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 regulates the
    manufacture, distribution, advertising and
    labeling of drugs
  • Official drugs listed in the United States
    Pharmacopeia
  • Drugs meet standards of purity and strength

10
Organizations Involved in Regulation
  • Federal Drug Administration or FDA is charged
    with enforcing the law
  • Public Health Services regulates vaccines
  • Federal Trade Commission can suppress misleading
    advertisement of nonprescription drugs

11
Organizations Controlling Illicit Drugs
  • Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention (passed in
    1970) regulates manufacture and distribution of
    narcotics, stimulants, depressants,
    hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids
  • Drug Enforcement Administration or DEA is charged
    with enforcement of Controlled Substance Act

12
DEA
  • Individuals and companies legally allowed to
    handle controlled substances must register with
    DEA, keep accurate records of all transactions,
    and provide secure storage of drugs
  • Physicians assigned number by DEA and must put
    number on all prescriptions of controlled
    substance

13
Categories of Controlled Substance
  • Schedule I not approved for medical use
  • Schedule II used medically but have high
    potential for abuse Morphine, Demerol (IM or IV
    drugs)
  • Schedule III Less potential of abuse Tylenol
    with Codeine, Vicodin (po pain relief), Ritalin
    (ADD)
  • Schedule IV some potential for abuse appetite
    suppressants
  • Schedule V may be dispensed by pharmacist
    without a physician prescription

14
Schedule II Drugs
  • Higher level of abuse, addiction or risk in
    giving the drug
  • Must be kept locked and signed out only by
    registered personal
  • On the wards need key or code to gain access to
    medications narcotics for pain relief
  • Prescription often needs to be written every 2 or
    three days no refills

15
Student Nurse and Controlled Drugs
  • In the clinical you will always administer
    medication with the clinical instructor
  • Narcotics cannot be accessed by student must be
    done with instructor or registered nursing
    personal
  • Specific hospital procedures and protocols need
    to be followed

16
Marketing of Drugs
  • A billion dollar industry
  • New drugs are protected by patent for 14 years
    during which time only the pharmaceutical that
    has developed it can market it
  • After the fourteen years drugs with similar
    chemical composition can be developed and sold as
    generic drugs cost less

17
Cost
  • Have you even wondered why a drug that costs
    pennies as an OTC can be so expensive when
    administered in the hospital setting?
  • The Tylenol given for fever may cost as much as
    5.00 a pill
  • This pays for the processing of the physician
    order, pharmacy and the nurse that administers
    the drug

18
The Million Dollar Pill
  • Research! Research! Research!
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