Animal Science Industry

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Animal Science Industry

• Chris Ellason

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World Livestock and Poultry
billions of animals billions of animals
Chickens Chickens 14.1
Cattle Buffalo Cattle Buffalo Cattle Buffalo 1.5
Sheep 1.1
Pigs 0.9
Goats 0.7
Horses Mules Horses Mules Horses Mules 0.08
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Food Production in the US
billions of pounds billions of pounds
produced, 2000 produced, 2000
Milk 168
Broilers 30.8
Beef 25.4
Pork 18.6
Turkey 5.3
Eggs 4.7
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Per Capita Consumption Beef

• 1970 84.6 lbs
• 1996 64.0 lbs
• 1998 63.6 lbs
• 2000 64.5 lbs
• 2002 64.5 lbs
• 2005 62.4 lbs
• 2007 62.2 lbs

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Per Capita Consumption Pork

• 1970 56.0 lbs
• 1996 45.2 lbs
• 1998 48.2 lbs
• 2000 47.8 lbs
• 2002 48.2 lbs
• 2005 46.5 lbs
• 2007 47.3 lbs

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Per Capita Consumption Lamb

• 1970 2.9 lbs
• 1996 0.8 lbs
• 1998 0.9 lbs
• 2000 0.8 lbs
• 2002 0.9 lbs
• 2005 0.8 lbs
• 2007 0.8 lbs

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Per Capita Consumption Broilers

• 1970 48.7 lbs
• 1996 63.1 lbs
• 1998 64.3 lbs
• 2000 67.9 lbs
• 2002 70.7 lbs
• 2005 73.6 lbs
• 2007 73.7 lbs

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Per Capita Consumption Fluid Milk and Cream

• 1970 275.3 lbs
• 1996 213.9 lbs
• 1998 207.4 lbs
• 2000 203.6 lbs
• 2002 199.3 lbs
• 2005 193.9 lbs
• 2007 191.4 lbs

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Per Capita Consumption Cheese

• 1970 11.4 lbs
• 1996 27.3 lbs
• 1998 27.8 lbs
• 2000 29.8 lbs
• 2002 30.5 lbs
• 2005 31.4 lbs
• 2007 32.7 lbs

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The Changing Industry
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Farm Population

• 1951 14.2
• 1961 11.1
• 1971 4.6
• 1981 2.6
• 1991 1.8
• 2001 1.6

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Farm Size

• 1951 225 acres
• 1971 384 acres
• 1981 425 acres
• 1991 467 acres
• 2005 445 acres

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When and How Farms Have Changed

• Major shifts occurred in the 40s and 50s
• Farms became more specialized
• Increased efficiency as a result of
  specialization
• In 1940 one farm could support 18.5 people
• Today one farm can support 135 people

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Why US Farms are so Productive

• Our Economic System
• Land and Climatic Conditions
• Our Educational Systems
• Specialized Agribusiness

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Significant Agriculture Legislation

• Morrill Act 1862
• Provide a portion of federal land in each state
  to establish a college
• Land-Grant College Act 1862
• Established the agricultural college concept
• Hatch Act 1887
• Established research funding for Land-Grant
  colleges (Experiment station)
• Smith - Lever Act 1914
• Financed the county agent extension system to get
  research information to the people (Cooperative
  Extension)

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Sources of Agricultural Information

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
• Established by the United Nations in 1945
• Collects, evaluates, and disseminates information
  on world trends in food and population
• Council for Agricultural Science and Technology
  (CAST)
• Formed in 1972 to identify food-related issues
  and interpret related scientific research

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Role of Animals

• High Quality Protein Foodsource
• Diet Palatability
• Land Use and Conservation
• Food Economy
• Companion Animals

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Concerns for Animal Production

• Can the earths land and water produce enough
  food for the growing population?
• Should we feed animals as intermediaries in the
  food chain?
• Why do humans prefer animal products in their
  diet?

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Beef Industry

• Seedstock Producers
• Commercial Cow-Calf Producers
• Yearling/Stocker Operator

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Seedstock

• Purebred producers
• Concerned with genetics
• Concerned with appearance
• Body composition
• Color
• Show cattle

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Cow-Calf Production

• Involves some 33 million head of beef cows
  distributed throughout the country
• Most are concentrated in areas where forage is
  abundant
• 16 states have over 700,000 hd each
• 75 of the US total
• Approx. 60 of the 850,000 beef cattle operations
  have less than 50 hd per operation

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US Beef Cow Operations and Inventory
Operations   Inventory
Herd Size (No. Cows) Herd Size (No. Cows) Percent of Total Percent of Total Percent of Total
1-49 78 28
50-99 12 19
100-499 9 38
500 1 15
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Stocker/Yearling Production

• Cattle are fed for growth prior to their going
  into the feedlot for finishing
• Primary basis is to market available forage and
  high-roughage feeds
• Grass, crop residue, wheat pasture, silage
• More desirable for early maturing cattle
• Larger framed, later maturing cattle are more
  efficient and profitable if they go directly into
  the feedlot

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Stocker/Yearling Production
Feedlot
Packer
Weaned Cattle
Wintered or Custom Lot
Summer Grazing
Summer Grazing
Wintered
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Feedlot

• Cattle fed in small pens where feed is brought to
  them on a daily basis
• Approx. 23 million feedlot cattle are fed in
  various states
• Fed a high grain diet
• 95 of feedlot cattle are fed in feedlots with
  over 1000 head capacity
• A few have capacities over 100,000 head

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Beef Industry

• Feeders
• Packers
• Retailers
• Consumers

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Dairy Industry

• Larger Farms Dominate
• 9 of Dairies produce over 1/2 total milk
• 70 of the US dairy herd is concentrated in large
  dairies of over 100 cows
• These dairies represent just 20 of all US
  dairies
• Movement of dairies
• Specialization of Farms
• Feeding systems

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Horse Industry

• 1997 approximately 6.9 million horses in US
• Used primarily as recreation or companion animal
• 43 recreational activities
• 29 show
• 10 racing
• Remainder used for rodeos and work
• In 1997, 200,000 Horses slaughter in US
• How many are slaughtered today?

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Poultry Industry

• Dramatic changes in 60s and 70s
• Integration
• Corporate owned operations
• Control of all segments of the growing and
  processing is by one company

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Broiler Production

• Most are contract grown for a company
• ConAgra
• Tyson
• Pilgrims
• Operator owns houses, equipment and furnishes
  labor
• Contractor furnishes, birds, feed, field service,
  dressing and marketing

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Broiler Production

• Payment is made in relation to a group of
  producers assigned as a contemporary group
• The better the operation does in relation to its
  contemporaries the higher the bonuses

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Sheep and Goat Industry

• Versatile and efficient, especially in developing
  countries
• Tend to be more well adapted to arid tropical
  climates than cattle
• Often grazed in tandem with cattle because they
  utilize different forage sources

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Sheep and Goat Industry

• Goats tend to be more efficient browsers
• Sheep prefer short grasses and some broadleaf
  weeds and other plants
• World sheep numbers in 1999 were the highest on
  record
• Primarily in China, Australia, India, Iran and
  New Zealand

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Sheep and Goat Industry

• Purebred breeders
• Commercial market lamb producers
• Commercial feedlots

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Swine Industry

• Beginning to go the direction of the poultry
  industry
• Corporate contracted growing
• China is far and away the leader in swine numbers
• As in dairy industry farm number is declining
  while production increases

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Swine Industry

• Four major swine operations
• Feeder pig production
• Feeder pig finishing
• Farrow to finish
• Seedstock producer

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Other Significant Animal Industries

• Aquaculture
• Bison
• Elk
• Wildlife

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Adaptation

• Adaptation the sum of the adjustments that
  occur in an organism that promotes its welfare
  and survival in a specific environment
• Agricultural animals must have the ability to
  adapt to both the natural and man made
  environments
• The symbiotic relationship is key in
  domestication of animals

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5 Classes of Stresses

• Climatic
• Nutritional
• Internal
• Geographical
• Social

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3 Ways to Change or React to Stressors

• Morphological or anatomical changes
• Physiological changes
• Behavioral changes

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Biotechnology and New Advancements

• Bovine Somatotropin (bST)
• Sexed Semen
• Gene Splicing - DNA manipulation
• Embryo Transfer, splitting, freezing
• Bypass nutrients
• Enzyme feeding
• Taste alterations by feedstuffs

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Animal Science Disciplines

• Nutrition
• Reproductive Physiology
• Animal Health
• Environmental Physiology
• Genetics
• Environmental Sciences
• Food Science and Technology

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Jobs in Animal Science

• College Professor
• Veterinarian
• Consulting Nutritionist
• Meat Inspector
• Feed Company Sales/Nutrition
• Animal Health Sales/RD
• Allied Industry Sales/RD

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Jobs in Animal Science

• Graduate School
• Extension Service
• Ag Teacher
• USDA
• State Chemist Departments
• Natural Resources Management