Housekeeping

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Housekeeping

• Issues portfolios
• 3 issues
• Due December 2

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When Humans and Wildlife CollidePart I Damage
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Problems with white-tailed deer
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Case Example Whitetail Deer Potential Solutions
Fencing and repellents
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Case Example Whitetail Deer Potential Solutions
Fertility control agents immunocontraception
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Case Example Whitetail Deer Potential Solutions
Food supplementation
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Case Example Whitetail Deer Potential Solutions
Sharpshooters --Cost effective --Safer than open
season --Socially acceptable?
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Case Example Whitetail Deer Potential Solutions
Reintroduce predators
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When Humans and Wildlife Collide Part II Disease
Principles of Fisheries Wildlife Management FiW
2114 Lecture 25
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Objectives of Lecture
1. To explore different outcomes of
human/wildlife interactions (in this context,
disease)
2. To explore selected case studies involving
white-tailed deer, bison, and mice
3. To evaluate feasible alternatives for control
of disease transmission
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Negative interactions Disease
Wildlife populations are vulnerable to diseases
and parasites, some communicable to humans and
agricultural species

• deer - chronic wasting disease, bovine
  tuberculosis, Lyme disease
• bison - brucellosis
• raccoon, bobcat, fox, skunk, - rabies
• rodents - hantavirus, bubonic plague
• crows, jays, other birds - West Nile virus
  
  
  

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Animal-to-animal transmission

• Chronic wasting disease of cervids
• Bovine tuberculosis
• Brucellosis of bison

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Background Prions

• Prions Proteinaceous infectious particles
• Cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
• Interact with normal protein, cause it to misfold
• Stanley Prusiner won Nobel Prize for showing this
• Ex scrapie of sheep, mad cow disease,
  Creutzfeld-Jakob disease of humans, and

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Chronic Wasting Disease

• Affects cervids
• Contagious and fatal in (deer and elk populations
• Humans, livestock may be immune

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Chronic Wasting Disease

• Prevention and management
• Aggressive testing of cervids
• Reductions of density in CWD areas
• Restrictions on transport of deer, elk meat
• Some states have banned importation of live
  cervids
• Warnings to hunters about consumption of some
  parts of deer, notably CNS

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CWD Actions taken

• In 2001, USDA declared an animal emergency
  because of the epidemic of CWD in captive elk in
  Nebraska
• In 2002, wild deer in Wisconsin were diagnosed
  with CWD
• In Virginia in 2002, of 1114 deer tested, all
  were negative for CWD

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Bovine tuberculosis

• Tuberculosis is a disease of the respiratory
  system caused by Mycobacterium bovis
• Three types human, avian, and bovine
• Bovine TB transmissible to other mammals
• Transmission to humans only through raw milk or
  respiratory exposure to infected cattle or
  carcasses

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Bovine tuberculosis

• Bovine TB was once common in cattle in the U.S.,
  but rare in deer
• Concern regarding deer is transmission to
  livestock
• Before 1994, only 8 cases in deer in North America

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Bovine tuberculosis in Michigan

• 1994 Found in a white-tailed deer
• To date, found in 228 deer of 30,000 tested
• Also in 5 coyotes, 2 raccoons, one black bear,
  and one bobcat
• Predators presumably contracted TB by eating
  lungs and lymph of infected deer

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Bovine tuberculosis Management

• 1997 Multi-agency committee recommended
• Survey of wildlife populations
• Testing of livestock
• Ban supplemental feeding of deer
• Ban new deer or elk enclosures
• Reduce deer density through hunting
• Educate the public

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Brucellosis and Bison in Yellowstone
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Bison in Yellowstone What is the value of a
buffalo?

• biological

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Bison in Yellowstone What is the value of a
buffalo?

• biological
• ecological

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Bison in Yellowstone What is the value of a
buffalo?

• biological
• ecological
• cultural

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Bison in Yellowstone What is the value of a
buffalo?

• biological
• ecological
• cultural
• aesthetic

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History of Bison in Yellowstone

• Yellowstone - only place in lower 48 states where
  buffalo were not extirpated
• In 1902, 23 wild bison left in Yellowstone on
  bison ranch
• Intensive management kept herd size down
• Highest reported herd size was 1,477 (1954)
• 397 bison in 1967

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Brucellosis and bison in Yellowstone

• Bison a reservoir for bacterium, Brucella abortus
• Contagious, caused by exposure to reproductive
  tissues or fluids (only females are infectious)
• Causes spontaneous abortion in 5th month
• Hence, economic implications for cattle producers

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Can Brucellosis be transmitted from bison to
livestock?

• Originally transmitted from livestock to bison

• No documented case of transmission in wild from
  bison to livestock only occurred under confined
  conditions

• Antibody-based test buffalo can test positive
  w/no incidence of disease
• Testing revealed that lt1 of buffalo were infected

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Brucellosis and Bison in Yellowstone
Bison tend to leave from north or west edges of
park
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Brucellosis and Bison in Yellowstone Management
or Massacre?

• 3,500 buffalo in 1996

• Severe winter (1996-97)

• 1,084 buffalo shot while
  exiting the park

• 2,000 total dead others starved in park

• Huge outcry by range of
  stakeholders

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Bringing Science to bear on the controversy

• USDI called for scientific study
• Released report Brucellosis in the Greater
  Yellowstone Area in 1997
• Recommendations
• Establish disease surveillance and quarantine
  areas around Park
• Vaccinate cattle around park and monitor
  frequently
• Develop vaccine for bison (currently none exists)
• Test and slaughter infected bison, elk, cattle
• Collect better data on infected animals and risk
  of transmission

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Brucellosis and Bison in Yellowstone Management
planning

• Interagency group organized to develop management
  plan NPS, USFS, State of Montana, APHIS
• June 1998 Interagency group proposed 7
  alternatives in a draft Environmental Impact
  Statement

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Bison in YellowstoneManagement Alternatives

• 1 No action continued capture/slaughter of
  bison leaving N or W boundaries of park
• 2 Minimal management changes in cattle
  operations allow bison to range
• 3 Management w/public hunting
• 4 Interim plan, limited public
  hunting/quarantine
• 5 Aggressive brucellosis control 10 years of
  vaccination, then capture-test-removal
• 6 Aggressive brucellosis control through
  vaccination
• 7 Preferred alternative manage for specific
  population range (1,700-2,500)

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Mediated negotiation among the parties.Final
EIS and bison management plan for Yellowstone
National Park

• (December 2000)
• National Park Service will
• Capture, test and possibly hold bison
• Vaccinate wildlife
• Limit population of bison to manage risk of
  disease
• APHIS and Montana will
• Accept disease management, as opposed to
  disease eradication
• All parties will participate in adaptive
  management program

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Today in Yellowstone

• 1,100 bison killed in winter-spring 2003
• No testing for brucellosis
• USFS transferred some grazing allotments to Idaho
• Reduces risk of livestock contacting buffalo
  leaving park

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Bison in Yellowstone Management Alternatives
Do we view the bison issue the same as the
white-tailed deer issues?
What features are similar and which different?
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Animal-to-human transmission

• Bubonic plague
• Rabies
• Lyme disease
• Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

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Bubonic plague

• Bacterial illness transmitted by fleas on rats
  and other rodents and by contact with infected
  blood or tissue
• Active in 15 states, mostly in the West
• NM two cases in 2002, 1 in 2001, one in 2000,
  six in 1999, nine in 1998,
• Last plague-related death in U.S. was in 1994

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Bubonic plague, historically

• Plague outbreaks have killed about 200 million
  people in the past 1500 years
• Black Death started in 1347 and killed 25
  million people in Europe and 13 million in the
  Middle East and China within 5 years

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Rabies

• Acute, contagious infection of central nervous
  system
• Caused by virus, entry by animal bite
• Incubation 21-120 days, virtually always fatal
• Many different species variants
• Currently epizootic in raccoons here in VA,
  throughout East
• Nearly all human cases are bat rabies

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Spread of raccoon rabies in East
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Ticks

• Ticks are vectors of
• Lyme disease
• Babesiosis and Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• How does this relate to how wildlife and humans
  collide??

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Lyme disease

• Lyme spirochete enters ticks with blood meal
• As deer and mice forage, they brush against
  plants, and ticks attach to them
• Humans also brush against plants
• Ticks, mice and deer dont get Lyme disease
  humans (and some domesticated animals) do

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How can managers minimize transmission of Lyme
disease?

• ?
• ?
• ?
• ?

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How can managers minimize transmission of Lyme
disease?

• Promote awareness and change in human behavior
• Keep clothing tightly fastened
• inspect yourself for ticks
• recognize symptoms
• vaccine for those likely to be exposed
• Control deer (and mouse) populations

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Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

• Etiological agent - a hantavirus
• Sin nombre virus (in East)
• Family Bunyaviridae (ssRNA)
• Vertebrate hosts

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Vectors
Deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus
Cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus
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Transmission of hantavirus

• Chonically infected rodent
• Horizontal transmission by intraspecific
  aggressive behavior
• Virus present in aerosolized excreta
• Transmission to humans by bite or by contact of
  aerosolized virus with mucus membranes

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Clinical presentation

• Most frequent Fever, myalgia, nausea or
  vomiting, cough
• Other symptoms Dizziness, joint pain, shortness
  of breath late in course of disease
• Rare nasal discharge, sore throat
• Case fatality 37, most often due to respiratory
  failure

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HPS management

• Early aggressive intensive care
• Early use of inotropic agents to stimulate
  heartbeat
• Early ventilation
• Careful monitoring
• Oxygenation
• Fluid balance
• Blood pressure

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Rodent exposure in 70 confirmed HPS cases

• Peridomestic exposure
  69
• Peridomestic and occupational exposure
  19
• Peridomestic and recreational exposure
  9
• Occupational exposure
  4
• Entering/cleaning rodent-infested structures 9
• Suggests methods for minimizing risk...

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Control mice inside

• Eliminate food sources
• Wash dishes and clean the floor and counters
• Put pet food and water away at night
• Store food and garbage in containers with tight
  lids

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Control mice inside

• Prevent mice from entering
• Clear brush and grass from around foundation
• Seal holes and use flashing around base of house
• Practice trapping continuously

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Control mice outside

• Eliminate possible nesting sites
• Elevate hay, woodpiles, and garbage cans
• Locate them at least 100 feet from house
• Eliminate junk and things that provide shelter to
  rodents

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Control mice outside

• Eliminate food sources
• Store all animal feed in containers with lids
• Discard excess feed in the evening into
  containers with lids
• Take up water bowls in the evening

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Control mice outside

• Encourage natural predators
• Non-poisonous snakes
• Owls
• Hawks

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Use safety precautions

• When cleaning in areas with rodents
• Wear rubber gloves
• Dont stir up and breathe dust
• Wet contaminated areas with disinfectant
• Dispose of dead animals properly
• Disinfect used gloves

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Use safety precautions

• When enjoying outdoor activities
• Avoid contact with rodents
• Stay away from rodent burrows or nests
• Keep campsite clean and food tightly sealed
• Open unused cabins and air out before entering or
  cleaning
• Avoid sleeping on bare ground

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• These findings and recommendations are not
  abstract!
• HPS took a graduate student from our midst

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CDC survey results

• Julie Sinclair of CDC surveyed this class on
  knowledge and attitudes regarding HPS on
  September 14
• What did she find?
• Selected results

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Have you participated in any labwork involving
small mammals?

• 15 yes
• 92 no
• Lets focus on these 15 to see if they used
  personal protection while at work

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Do you use gloves while doing labwork involving
small mammals?

• 3 never
• 3 sometimes
• 4 most of the time
• 5 always

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Do you use a fitted facemask while doing labwork
involving small mammals?

• 11 never
• 3 sometimes
• 1 most of the time
• 0 always

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Do you wash your hands or use alcohol-based
disinfectants while doing labwork involving small
mammals?

• 2 never
• 2 sometimes
• 2 most of the time
• 9 always

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Do you use goggles or eye protection while doing
labwork involving small mammals?

• 7 never
• 3 sometimes
• 3 most of the time
• 2 always

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Do you use protective clothing while doing
labwork involving small mammals?

• 3 never
• 6 sometimes
• 3 most of the time
• 3 always
• So, then, what can we infer about laboratory
  practice for these people doing laboratory work
  with small mammals?

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Have you participated in any fieldwork involving
small mammals?

• 12 yes
• 94 no
• Lets focus on these 12 to see if they used
  personal protection while in the field

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Do you use gloves while doing fieldwork involving
small mammals?

• 1 never
• 6 sometimes
• 1 most of the time
• 3 always

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Do you use a fitted facemask while doing
fieldwork involving small mammals?

• 7 never
• 3 sometimes
• 1 most of the time
• 0 always

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Do you wash your hands or use alcohol-based
disinfectants while doing fieldwork involving
small mammals?

• 0 never
• 2 sometimes
• 3 most of the time
• 6 always

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Do you use goggles or eye protection while doing
fieldwork involving small mammals?

• 6 never
• 3 sometimes
• 1 most of the time
• 1 always

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Do you use protective clothing while doing
fieldwork involving small mammals?

• 2 never
• 5 sometimes
• 3 most of the time
• 0 always
• So, then, what can we infer about laboratory
  practice for these people doing fieldwork with
  small mammals?

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Have you ever attempted to use personal
protective equipment, but been limited due to
lack of availability?

• 17 yes
• 87 no
• Personal protective equipment will be supplied to
  all field workers in FiW, and use will be
  mandatory!

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Have you ever received any training on how to
protect yourself from diseases transmitted by
animals?

• 27 yes
• 80 no
• Training will be provided from now on.

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Have you ever received rabies pre-exposure
vaccine?

• 24 yes
• 71 no
• 24 dont know
• Have you ever received rabies post-exposure
  vaccine?
• 3 yes
• 93 no
• 9 dont know

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What do you think would keep people from using
personal protective equipment?

• Percent responding yes
• Lack of availability 71
• Peer pressure its not cool 67
• Uncomfortable to wear 86
• Slows you down 55
• Limits visibility, dexterity - 79
• Dont think its necessary 60
• All VT respondents n 203

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How much personal protection do you think a
person will be willing to wear each time they
work with small mammals in the lab?

• 2 None
• 39 Gloves
• 33 Fitted facemask and gloves
• 17 Fitted facemask, gloves, and goggles
• 11 Fitted facemask, gloves, goggles and
  protective clothing
• All VT respondents n 203

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How much personal protection do you think a
person will be willing to wear each time they
work with small mammals in the field?

• 1.5 None
• 43 Gloves
• 36 Fitted facemask and gloves
• 10 Fitted facemask, gloves, and goggles
• 8.5 Fitted facemask, gloves, goggles and
  protective clothing
• All VT respondents n 203

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Do you think it would be helpful to receive
further training about protecting yourself from
animal-borne diseases?

• 82 yes
• 12 no
• If so, how?
• 86 in classes
• 67 in the field
• 9 other
• All VT respondents n 203

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Do you know of any infection risks associated
with handling small mammals and-or their
excrement?

• 57 yes
• 46 no
• Respondents from this class n 120

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If people know that contact with small mammals
could be fatal, do you think they would be likely
to follow the safety guidelines and wear personal
protective equipment?

• 98 yes
• 6 no
• Respondents from this class n 108

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Do you think people who work with small mammals
should be REQUIRED to follow the safety
guidelines and wear personal protective equipment?

• 73 yes
• 19 no
• 12 dont know
• Why wasnt this 100 yes???
• Respondents from this class n 108

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Those seeking further reading, see me
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