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Title: Lone Star: The Story of Texas


1
Lone Star The Story of Texas
  • Chapter 13
  • Closing the Frontier 1866 - 1888

2
Lone Star The Story of Texas
  • Chapter 13 Closing the Frontier 1866 1888
  • Section 1 The Frontier Wars
  • Section 2 Cattle Kingdoms
  • Section 3 Westward Expansion
  • Section 4 The Texas Rangers

3
A History of Conflict
  • Soldiers Defending Texas
  • After the Civil War, the U.S. government sent
    troops to help end the Indian raids.
  • In 1867, tribal leaders met with government
    officials to sign the Medicine Lodge Treaty.
  • A treaty is a formal agreement between two
    nations.
  • The treaty did not bring peace.
  • Reservation Policy
  • Kiowas raided a wagon train at Salt Creek in the
    Salt Creek Massacre.
  • This caused the army to switch its policy.
    Instead of defending the frontier, the army would
    now force all Indians onto reservations.
  • Fighting in Texas intensified.

4
The Frontier Wars
5
Leaders in the Frontier Wars
William T. Sherman Union hero in the Civil War Commanded the U.S. army
General Phillip Sheridan Union hero in the Civil War Directed five separate field armies against the Comanches and the Kiowas in the 1870s
Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie Led much of the fighting against the Indians Considered by many to be the best Indian fighter in the West
General Nelson Miles Led several campaigns against Indians in Texas
Colonel John Davidson Led units in the Panhandle
Quanah Parker Son of a Comanche father and a white mother Became a Comanche warrior and leader Led several successful raids
Lone Wolf Kiowa leader Opposed settlement on reservations Led raids against the Texans
6
The Frontier Wars in the Panhandle
  • U.S. Strategies
  • Soldiers attacked Indian villages.
  • Troops captured food, blankets, and other
    supplies.
  • Soldiers burned the villages and killed the
    horses.
  • The army brought in buffalo hunters to destroy
    the Indians major food source.
  • The buffalo hunters nearly drove the animal to
    extinction (complete destruction).
  • Red River WarThe Texas Rangers, joined the final
    campaign against the Indians in the Panhandlethe
    Red River War. By destroying the Native
    Americans horses and food supply, U.S. troops
    were able to defeat them. By the end of 1875,
    most Texas Plains Indians lived on reservations.

7
The Frontier Wars in Southern Texas
  • The end of the Red River War did not stop the
    violence in Texas
  • Rio Grande Campaigns - Apache leader Victorio led
    Indian raids across the Southwest and Mexico.
  • Buffalo Soldiers - Buffalo Soldiers were African
    American soldiers who fought in the Frontier
    Wars.
  • Outlaws - Texas was a violent place in the 1870s
    and 1880s. Cattle thieves were common. Cattle
    ranchers fought against sheep ranchers. Bandits
    raided South Texas towns. The Texas Rangers
    helped control some of these problems.

8
Cattle Kingdoms Sec. 2
9
Cattle
  • Texas Longhorns resulted from Spanish cows bred
    with Anglo cows.
  • Spanish vaqueros (cowboys) used a lariat to round
    up cattle from horseback. A lariat is a long
    rope with a noose on one end.
  • Spanish soldiers and priest were the first cattle
    ranchers in Texas. Early ranchers in Texas faced
    drought, disease, and theft. They had difficulty
    transporting cattle to market
  • The Civil War increased the demand for Texas
    beef.
  • The Northern demand for beef led to the rise of
    cattle trails.
  • Cowboys drove herds north in the spring to towns
    with rail stations.

10
Cattle Trails
  • Problems on the Trails
  • Bandits stole cattle.
  • Farmers complained that longhorns trampled their
    crops and spread disease to their cattle.
  • Some states passed quarantine laws to keep Texas
    cattle away from settled areas.
  • Quarantine - to isolate or separate to prevent
    the spread of disease

11
Cattle Trails
  • Famous Trails
  • The Chisholm Trail ran from Texas to Abilene,
    Kansas.
  • The Great Western Trail traveled through Indian
    Territory to Dodge City, Kansas.
  • The Goodnight-Loving Trail ran from West Texas
    through New Mexico and Colorado to Wyoming.
  • Drover - a person who moves livestock to market

12
Life on the Trail
  • The daily life of cowboys was less glamorous than
    what is shown in the movies.
  • A manager, or trail boss, plan the drive.
  • Each drive had 11 to 18 men, including a cook and
    a scout.
  • Cowboys kept a remuda (a group of spare horses),
    so they always had fresh horses available.
  • The herd moved from about 10 to 15 miles per day.
  • Cowboys spent up to 16 hours per day in the
    saddle.
  • Hazards on the drive included rainstorms,
    stampedes, extreme heat, rattlesnakes, river
    crossings, and attacks by Indians and bandits.

13
Big Ranches
  • Richard King started with a 15,000 acre ranch in
    Nueces County in 1852 called King Ranch.
  • The King Ranch grew to more than 1 million acres
    (about as large as the state of Rhode Island.)
  • Charles Goodnights JA ranch covered more than 1
    million acres and supported 100,000 cattle.
  • A group of Chicago investors owned the XIT ranch,
    which was almost as large as Connecticut. Sheep
    and goat ranching also expanded in Texas in the
    late 1800s
  • Some Texans owned mustang (wild horses) ranches.

14
Cowboy Legend and Reality
  • Cowboys generally did not fight with Native
    Americans.
  • Drovers tried to avoid Indians
  • Not all cowboys carried guns

15
Westward Expansion Sec. 3
  • Settlers move to West Texas
  • The states population doubled between 1870 and
    1880.
  • Settlers used the idea of manifest destiny to
    justify forcing Indians off the land.
  • Ranchers and farmers saw great financial
    potential in West Texas. Cattle and sheep
    ranchers led the way in settling West Texas.
  • Railroad companies promoted the settlement of
    West Texas by building railroad lines through the
    region.
  • Joseph Glidden invented barbed wire in 1874 and
    ranchers used it to protect cattle.
  • The widespread use of barbed wire helped to end
    the cattle drives.

16
The Growth of Railroads
17
Fence Cutting Wars
  • Ranchers put up barbed wire enclosures, fenced-in
    areas, to protect their cattle. Farmers put up
    fences to protect their crops. Some of these
    fences blocked roads and interfered with mail
    delivery.
  • By the 1880s, the open range in Texas had been
    fenced in.
  • Landless cattle owners resorted to cutting these
    fences to secure grass and water for their herds.
    Fence cutting caused and estimated 20 million
    in damages. In 1884 Texas passed a law making it
    a felony to cut a fence. Felony a serious crime
    that usually results in jail time.
  • The Texas Ranchers often went undercover to catch
    fence cutters and by 1890 the fence cutting wars
    stopped.

18
The Rangers OrganizationSec 4
  • Characteristics of Texas Rangers
  • Young, single men
  • Few family ties
  • Often retired by age 30
  • Provided their own horses, weapons, equipment,
    and rations
  • Skills of Texas Rangers
  • Skilled horsemen
  • Expert marksmanship
  • Excellent tracking skills

19
The Rangers in Action
  • In the Texas Revolution, the Rangers served as
    scouts and messengers.
  • In the 1830s and 1840s, Rangers played a major
    role in removing Native Americans from East
    Texas.
  • During the Mexican War, Rangers scouted Mexican
    troop movements. They helped the United States
    win the Battle of Buena Vista.
  • The Rangers fought against guerrilla fighters in
    Mexico. Guerrillas are soldiers who are not part
    of the regular army.

20
The True Value of the Rangers
  • Rangers fought to protect Texans from attacks by
    outlaws, rustlers, Mexican bandits, and Native
    Americans. The Frontier Battalion dealt with more
    than 3,000 desperados (reckless, bold outlaws).
  • Rangers also performed routine police tasks, like
    transporting prisoners and collecting taxes.
  • Their methods were often violent and sometimes
    illegal. However, the Rangers provided better law
    and order to Texas in the early days.
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