Title: Lone Star: The Story of Texas
1Lone Star The Story of Texas
- Chapter 13
- Closing the Frontier 1866 - 1888
2Lone Star The Story of Texas
- Chapter 13 Closing the Frontier 1866 1888
- Section 1 The Frontier Wars
- Section 2 Cattle Kingdoms
- Section 3 Westward Expansion
- Section 4 The Texas Rangers
3A History of Conflict
- Soldiers Defending Texas
- After the Civil War, the U.S. government sent
troops to help end the Indian raids. - In 1867, tribal leaders met with government
officials to sign the Medicine Lodge Treaty. - A treaty is a formal agreement between two
nations. - The treaty did not bring peace.
- Reservation Policy
- Kiowas raided a wagon train at Salt Creek in the
Salt Creek Massacre. - This caused the army to switch its policy.
Instead of defending the frontier, the army would
now force all Indians onto reservations. - Fighting in Texas intensified.
4The Frontier Wars
5Leaders in the Frontier Wars
William T. Sherman Union hero in the Civil War Commanded the U.S. army
General Phillip Sheridan Union hero in the Civil War Directed five separate field armies against the Comanches and the Kiowas in the 1870s
Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie Led much of the fighting against the Indians Considered by many to be the best Indian fighter in the West
General Nelson Miles Led several campaigns against Indians in Texas
Colonel John Davidson Led units in the Panhandle
Quanah Parker Son of a Comanche father and a white mother Became a Comanche warrior and leader Led several successful raids
Lone Wolf Kiowa leader Opposed settlement on reservations Led raids against the Texans
6The Frontier Wars in the Panhandle
- U.S. Strategies
- Soldiers attacked Indian villages.
- Troops captured food, blankets, and other
supplies. - Soldiers burned the villages and killed the
horses. - The army brought in buffalo hunters to destroy
the Indians major food source. - The buffalo hunters nearly drove the animal to
extinction (complete destruction).
- Red River WarThe Texas Rangers, joined the final
campaign against the Indians in the Panhandlethe
Red River War. By destroying the Native
Americans horses and food supply, U.S. troops
were able to defeat them. By the end of 1875,
most Texas Plains Indians lived on reservations.
7The Frontier Wars in Southern Texas
- The end of the Red River War did not stop the
violence in Texas - Rio Grande Campaigns - Apache leader Victorio led
Indian raids across the Southwest and Mexico. - Buffalo Soldiers - Buffalo Soldiers were African
American soldiers who fought in the Frontier
Wars. - Outlaws - Texas was a violent place in the 1870s
and 1880s. Cattle thieves were common. Cattle
ranchers fought against sheep ranchers. Bandits
raided South Texas towns. The Texas Rangers
helped control some of these problems.
8Cattle Kingdoms Sec. 2
9Cattle
- Texas Longhorns resulted from Spanish cows bred
with Anglo cows. - Spanish vaqueros (cowboys) used a lariat to round
up cattle from horseback. A lariat is a long
rope with a noose on one end. - Spanish soldiers and priest were the first cattle
ranchers in Texas. Early ranchers in Texas faced
drought, disease, and theft. They had difficulty
transporting cattle to market - The Civil War increased the demand for Texas
beef. - The Northern demand for beef led to the rise of
cattle trails. - Cowboys drove herds north in the spring to towns
with rail stations.
10Cattle Trails
- Problems on the Trails
- Bandits stole cattle.
- Farmers complained that longhorns trampled their
crops and spread disease to their cattle. - Some states passed quarantine laws to keep Texas
cattle away from settled areas. - Quarantine - to isolate or separate to prevent
the spread of disease
11Cattle Trails
- Famous Trails
- The Chisholm Trail ran from Texas to Abilene,
Kansas. - The Great Western Trail traveled through Indian
Territory to Dodge City, Kansas. - The Goodnight-Loving Trail ran from West Texas
through New Mexico and Colorado to Wyoming. - Drover - a person who moves livestock to market
12Life on the Trail
- The daily life of cowboys was less glamorous than
what is shown in the movies. - A manager, or trail boss, plan the drive.
- Each drive had 11 to 18 men, including a cook and
a scout. - Cowboys kept a remuda (a group of spare horses),
so they always had fresh horses available. - The herd moved from about 10 to 15 miles per day.
- Cowboys spent up to 16 hours per day in the
saddle. - Hazards on the drive included rainstorms,
stampedes, extreme heat, rattlesnakes, river
crossings, and attacks by Indians and bandits.
13Big Ranches
- Richard King started with a 15,000 acre ranch in
Nueces County in 1852 called King Ranch. - The King Ranch grew to more than 1 million acres
(about as large as the state of Rhode Island.) - Charles Goodnights JA ranch covered more than 1
million acres and supported 100,000 cattle. - A group of Chicago investors owned the XIT ranch,
which was almost as large as Connecticut. Sheep
and goat ranching also expanded in Texas in the
late 1800s - Some Texans owned mustang (wild horses) ranches.
14Cowboy Legend and Reality
- Cowboys generally did not fight with Native
Americans. - Drovers tried to avoid Indians
- Not all cowboys carried guns
15Westward Expansion Sec. 3
- Settlers move to West Texas
- The states population doubled between 1870 and
1880. - Settlers used the idea of manifest destiny to
justify forcing Indians off the land. - Ranchers and farmers saw great financial
potential in West Texas. Cattle and sheep
ranchers led the way in settling West Texas. - Railroad companies promoted the settlement of
West Texas by building railroad lines through the
region.
- Joseph Glidden invented barbed wire in 1874 and
ranchers used it to protect cattle. - The widespread use of barbed wire helped to end
the cattle drives.
16The Growth of Railroads
17Fence Cutting Wars
- Ranchers put up barbed wire enclosures, fenced-in
areas, to protect their cattle. Farmers put up
fences to protect their crops. Some of these
fences blocked roads and interfered with mail
delivery. - By the 1880s, the open range in Texas had been
fenced in. - Landless cattle owners resorted to cutting these
fences to secure grass and water for their herds.
Fence cutting caused and estimated 20 million
in damages. In 1884 Texas passed a law making it
a felony to cut a fence. Felony a serious crime
that usually results in jail time. - The Texas Ranchers often went undercover to catch
fence cutters and by 1890 the fence cutting wars
stopped.
18The Rangers OrganizationSec 4
- Characteristics of Texas Rangers
- Young, single men
- Few family ties
- Often retired by age 30
- Provided their own horses, weapons, equipment,
and rations
- Skills of Texas Rangers
- Skilled horsemen
- Expert marksmanship
- Excellent tracking skills
19The Rangers in Action
- In the Texas Revolution, the Rangers served as
scouts and messengers. - In the 1830s and 1840s, Rangers played a major
role in removing Native Americans from East
Texas. - During the Mexican War, Rangers scouted Mexican
troop movements. They helped the United States
win the Battle of Buena Vista. - The Rangers fought against guerrilla fighters in
Mexico. Guerrillas are soldiers who are not part
of the regular army.
20The True Value of the Rangers
- Rangers fought to protect Texans from attacks by
outlaws, rustlers, Mexican bandits, and Native
Americans. The Frontier Battalion dealt with more
than 3,000 desperados (reckless, bold outlaws). - Rangers also performed routine police tasks, like
transporting prisoners and collecting taxes. - Their methods were often violent and sometimes
illegal. However, the Rangers provided better law
and order to Texas in the early days.