New Views on the Universe

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New Views on the Universe

Vèmes Rencontres du Vietnam August 2004
Angela V. Olinto Astronomy Astrophysics Kavli
Institute Cosmol. Phys. Enrico Fermi
Institute University of Chicago
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Much to celebrate!

• Success of the Big Bang theory
• Flat Universe (Inflationary prediction)
• Discovery of Universes Acceleration
• Discovery of Neutrino mixing ? mass
• Gamma-ray Bursts Cosmolog. Counterparts
• Black Holes in every galaxy!
• TeV Gamma-ray Sources

Many questions remain... Vèmes Rencontres du
Vietnam 2004
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The Big Bang
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The Big Bang
We live in a Homogeneous Isotropic Universe
described by (a Robertson-Walker metric
Friedmanns equation derived from) Einsteins
General Relativity. It began 13.7 billion years
ago, and is composed of...
Celebrate Einstein Centennial!
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Evidence for Isotropy The Microwave Sky!
T 2.725 ? 0.002 K
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launched 1989
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?b
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Theory vs.
Observations Remarkable agreement over 10
orders of magnitude in abundance
variation Concordance region ?b h2 0.02 For
h0.7, ?b 0.04. Deuterium strongest
constraint
4He
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The Big Bang
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add Inflation

and we can explain...
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Brief History of the Universe
Inflation exponential expansion
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Homogeneity Isotropy
Horizon of observer B at time of
decoupling
A
B
Big Bang t0
Us, today
Photon Decoupling (Last Scattering
Surface) t300,000 yr
CMB naturally appears isotropic
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V(?)
Quantum Fluctuations of the Inflaton Field
gt Density Perturbations
?
field
V(?)
space
?
field
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Today
Scale
grow
3000 Mpc 1 Mpc
stretch
inside
outside
inside
Time
Before inflation
Radiation Domination
Matter Domination
During inflation
Dark Energy Domination
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High-Resolution Simulations of Cold Dark Matter
(CDM) Halos
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CMB Anisotropies
tU 380,000 yr, ?T ? 10-5 T
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Precision Cosmology
WMAP
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?total 1.02 ? 0.02 FLAT!
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Inflation predicts
FLAT Universe
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?total ?? ?DM ?b ?? 0.73, ?DM 0.23,
?b 0.04
Dark Energy?
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SnIa
WMAP (h fix)
LSS 2dF
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Radiation - Matter - Vacuum (Dark Energy?)
?(a)
a-4
a-3
const
a
Early Universe
today
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Expect dq/dz
Riess et al. ApJLett 04, HST 16 SNIa
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Towards ?? 1
closed
expands forever
recollapses
open
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Much to celebrate!

• Success of the Big Bang theory
• Flat Universe (Inflationary prediction)
• Discovery of Universes Acceleration
• Discovery of Neutrino mixing ? mass
• Gamma-ray Bursts Cosmolog. Counterparts
• Black Holes in every galaxy!
• TeV Gamma-ray Sources

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Official detections by H.E.S.S.
Crab Nebula (2003, 3 Tel.) - 54 sigma PKS 2155
(2003, 2 Tel.) - 45 sigma Mrk 421 (2004, 4 Tel.)
- 71 sigma PSR B1259 (2004, 4 Tel.) - 8 sigma RX
J1713 (2003, 2 Tel.) - 20 sigma Sagittarius A
(2003. 2 Tel.) - 11 sigma
Linton, WatsonFest, Leeds July 2004
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HESS Galactic Center!
Linton, WatsonFest, Leeds July 2004
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What is the Dark Matter?
F. Zwicky
Coma cluster
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HESS Galactic Center
neutralino m gt 10 TeV ???
Linton, WatsonFest, Leeds July 2004
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Many questions remain

• What is the Dark Matter?
• What is the Dark Energy?
• What is the origin max energy of cosmic rays?
• Astro-Physics at high energy, curvature, and/or
  density?
• What are the neutrino masses and underlying
  theory?
• Why is there something rather than nothing?
• Is there A Fundamental Theory? Quantum Gravity,
  Large Extra-Dimensions, Strings, M-theory,...?
• How did the Universe Begin?

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Cosmological Constant
Natural scale for ?
Contrast with
?? ?M
coincidence
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Many questions remain

• What is the Dark Matter?
• What is the Dark Energy?
• What is the origin max energy of cosmic rays?
• Astro-Physics at high energy, curvature, and/or
  density?
• What are the neutrino masses and underlying
  theory?
• Why is there something rather than nothing?
• Is there A Fundamental Theory? Quantum Gravity,
  Large Extra-Dimensions, Strings, M-theory,...?
• How did the Universe Begin?

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Cosmic Rays

• 1912 discovered by Victor Hess
• (after Wilson others)
• Energy range
• 109 eV to gt 1020 eV
• 1938 Pierre Auger discovered
• Extensive Air Showers (EAS)

ORIGIN? Unknown! soon to be a Century Old
Puzzle! at all energies
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HESS 2 smoking guns CR acceleration!
Galactic Centre - 11 ?
RX J1713 - 20 ?
Linton, WatsonFest, Leeds July 2004
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CRs at the Highest Energies
Great Opportunity for Discovery
can traverse longer distances than photons can
point back to the source should have spectral
features
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cosmic rays
/ / / / / / / / / / /
n
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UHE proton trajectories in Extra Galactic B
at the Highest Energies (1020 eV)) - should point
to sources (unless Magnetic Fields are stronger
/or Z is larger)
Isola, Lemoine, Sigl 02
lower bound 2 1019 eV to 3 1020eV, E-2.4
injection, BMpc 0.3 ?G, Kolmog
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6 doublets 1 triplet above 4 x 1019 eV lt 2.5 deg
AGASA
above 1019 eV
Log Egt19.6
Log Egt19.4
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HiRes

• No clustering seen so far!

HiRes-I Monocular Data, E gt 1019.5 eV
HiRes-I Monocular Data, E gt 1018.5 eV
Upper limit of 4 doublets (90 c.l.) in HiRes-I
monocular dataset.
HiRes Stereo
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CRs at the Highest Energies
can traverse longer distances than photons can
point back to the source should have spectral
features
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High Energy Proton sees Cosmic Microwave
Background as High Energy Gamma Rays!
WMAP
p?cmb? ? ? p ?0 ? n ?
Proton Horizon
GZK Cutoff
Greisen 66, Zatsepin Kuzmin 66
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GZK feature is source B dependent
E. Parizot et al. 03
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AGASA High Energy Spectrum
AGASA 11 events above 1020 eV!!!
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Comparisons 2003
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Two Spectra at High Energies
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Statistics
Fluctuations at GZK feature are large for AGASA
HiRes
400 realizations of GZK feature for low statistics
DeMarco, Blasi, A.O. 03
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Auger (S) x AGASA

DeMarco, Blasi, A.O. 03
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Pierre Auger Project

• 2 Giant AirShower Arrays
• South Argentina Funded
• North Not Yet Funded
• 1600 particle detectors over
• 3000 km2
• 4 Fluorescence Detectors
• Will Measure Direction,
• Energy, Composition of
• 60 events/yr E gt 1020eV
• 6000 events/yr E gt 1019eV
• gt 250 scientists from 16 countries

Vietnam!
J. Cronin and T. Yamamoto
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Pierre Auger Project
3000 km2 - 1600 water tank array
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NeededImprovedStatistics Systematics
Auger South (3 yr)
Auger South North EUSO
DeMarco, Blasi, AO03
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Many questionswork remain!

• What is the Dark Matter?
• direct detection, indirect detection,
  cosmological probes, theory.
• What is the Dark Energy?
• cosmological probes (LSST, JDEM), Theory!
• What is the origin max energy of cosmic rays?
• Auger SN, EUSO, theory
• Astrophysics at high energy, curvature, and/or
  density?
• Laboratory studies of extreme Astrophysics,
  Theory,
• Constellation-X, GLAST, ACTs(Hess, Cangaroo3,
  Magic, Veritas)
• Gravitational wave detectors (LIGO, LISA)
• Neutrino masses and underlying theory?
  Baryogenesis?
• A Fundamental Theory? Quantum Gravity, Large
  Extra-Dimensions, Strings, M-theory,...?
• HEP experiments, HE Astrophysics Observations,
  Cosmology, Theory!
• How did the Universe Begin?

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New Views on the Universe

Vèmes Rencontres du Vietnam August 2004


Cám on rât nhiêu!!
Enjoy!