Standard Training Procedures

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Standard Training Procedures
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BO 105 EC 135 BK
117 / EC 145
Tail rotor failures !
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D i s c l a i m e r
The information given in this presentation
represents my personal view and deals with
general airmanship ! I will not take
responsibility in case of training
accidents. Allways the current Flight Manual of
the helicopter used for training has to be
regarded as the correct source of information.
The autor
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Standard Procedures
There are two different tail rotor failures !
Tail rotor - power failure Which means the tail
rotor has (by any means) lost its rotation
or
Tail rotor - control failure Which means the tail
rotor has lost its control (pedal response) or
the pedals are blocked in any position (fixed
tail rotor pitch)
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Lets talk abouttail rotor failures incruise
flight !
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Procedures explained are for helicopters with
main rotor turning to the left !!
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Standard Procedures
Tail rotor failures - cruise flight
ECD - helicopters are able to cruise without a
working tail rotor !
With a tail rotor failure in cruise flight, the
helicopter will not react to pedal inputs and
depending on speed, the nose of the helicopter
could change its position. The loss of tail
rotor power will be surely accompanied by a
certain mechanical noise !
Sometimes it may be difficult to find out what
kind of tail rotor failure exists !
Now, what to do ??
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Standard Procedures
Tail rotor failures - cruise flight
First reaction ? - Fly to a safe height ( 1000
ft/AGL) - Heading into wind - If a autopilot
system is used - switch it off - to avoid
missleading behavior - Reduce IAS slowly to
60 KIAS - Start a light descent 500 ft/min.
and reduce speed to 40 KIAS (if possible)
- Observe the reaction of the helicopter nose
If, during the speed reduce to 40 kts, the
helicopter nose moves clearly to the right,
the reaction of the helicopter shows a tail rotor
power failure !
In this case, fly to a siutable landing site
(hard surface / runway) and perform a power off
autorotation ! Wind from ahead or forward-right
will be a great help !
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Standard Procedures
Tail rotor failures - cruise flight
First reaction ? - Fly to a safe height ( 1000
ft/AGL) - Heading into wind - If a autopilot
system is used - switch it off - to avoid
missleading behavior - Reduce IAS slowly to
60 KIAS - Start a light descent 500 ft/min.
and reduce speed to 40 KIAS (if possible)
- Observe the reaction of the helicopter nose
If, during the speed reduce to 40 kts, the
helicopter nose maintains on the left side or
aligns with the flight direction,
the reaction of the helicopter shows a tail rotor
control failure !
In this case, fly to a siutable landing site
(hard surface / runway) and perform a pedal off
landing ! Wind from forward-left will be a great
help !
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Standard Procedures
How to perform a pedal-off landing ?
1. Out of a long final, approach with 60 KIAS
and adjust a ROD of 500 ft/min 2. Adjust and
maintain an constant approach angle to the first
part of the runway with a speed for minimum
side slip (if possible 40 KIAS)
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Standard Procedures
How to perform a pedal-off landing ?
3. Maintain this condition until the helicopter
is close to the RWY / GND
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Standard Procedures
How to perform a pedal-off landing ?
Do not reduce the speed, perform something like a
fixed wing approach!
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Standard Procedures
How to perform a pedal-off landing ?
4. When approaching the RWY (0.5 m / for
training 1 m GND) reduce very - very slowly the
speed
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Standard Procedures
How to perform a pedal-off landing ?
4. When approaching the RWY (0.5 m / for
training 1 m GND) reduce very - very slowly the
speed
(perform something like a speed taxi hover)
cause every time when speed is reduced, the
collective has to compensate the speed loss and
every time the collective ist lifted, the
helicopter nose moves against the rotor turning
direction, which is to the right !!
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Standard Procedures
How to perform a pedal-off landing ?
Dont hurry, weve got a lot of time !
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Standard Procedures
How to perform a pedal-off landing ?
5. Whenever the nose of the helicopter is aligned
with the moving direction,
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Standard Procedures
How to perform a pedal-off landing ?
5. Whenever the nose of the helicopter is aligned
with the moving direction, let the landing
skid touch the surface (with the cyclic stick)
and maintain the nose aligned by small
movements of collective.
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Standard Procedures
How to perform a pedal-off landing ?
5. Whenever the nose of the helicopter is aligned
with the moving direction, let the landing
skid touch the surface (with the cyclic stick)
and maintain the nose aligned by small
movements of collective.
6. When the helicopter comes to a stop,
perform emergency shut down procedure
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Standard Procedures
How to perform a pedal-off landing ?
For training - to avoid risk and damage - the
training effect is fullfilled whenever the nose
of the helicopter is aligned with the runway and
the helicopter is ready to settle down !
At this point, we will start a go around
procedure !
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Standard Procedures
How to perform a pedal-off landing ?
For training - to avoid risk and damage - the
training effect is fullfilled whenever the nose
of the helicopter is aligned with the runway and
the helicopter is ready to settle down !
At this point, we will start a go around
procedure !
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Lets talk abouttail rotor failures inhover !
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Standard Procedures
Tail rotor power failure - HIGE or HOGE
On a tail rotor power failure in hover flight,
the helicopter will quickly rotate with the nose
against the turning direction of the main rotor
(which means the nose turns to the right !!) The
loss of tail rotor power will be surely
accompanied by a certain mechanical noise !
First reaction Collective down (to stop the
turning)
Second reaction
When HIGE Maintain attitude and accept a hard
landing
When HOGE If height permitts - gain speed
and try to fly away If height does not
permitt - gain speed and then perform a
flare - reduce engine power (to IDLE or
OFF) - try to land with safe attitude -
pull collective only if engine power was reduced
After touch down Perform AEI shut down
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Standard Procedures
Tail rotor control failure - HIGE or HOGE
With a tail rotor control failure in hover
flight, the helicopter will not react to pedal
inputs ! Maybe the nose of the helicopter will
move left or right - depending on change of
collective setting
First reaction Collective try to change as
little as possible - Collective down will
change nose to the left - Collective up will
change nose to the right
Second reaction
When HIGE - Maintain attitude and lower
collective slowly - Perform a soft landing and
accept a slow rotation
When HOGE - Gain slowly forward speed - Fly
to a safe landing area (hard surface / RWY)
and perform a pedal off landing
After touch down Perform AEI shut down
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Standard Training Procedures
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Many happy landings and enjoy your pedal-off
training !