Environmental monitoring

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Air quality monitoring
Air and meteorological monitoring parameters

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Air quality monitoring

• Classification of air pollutants
• Primary pollutants (emitted directly to the
  atmosphere)
• Secondary pollutants (formed by reactions
  involving primary pollutants and other
  constituents within the atmosphere)

• Classification of sources of air pollutants
• Stationary sources
• Mobile sources

• Sources
• Natural sources
• Anthropogenic sources
• Urban sources

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Air quality monitoring
Primary air pollutants
Secondary air pollutants are formed from sunlight
that results in photochemical reactions of O2
with one or more of the primary air pollutants.

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Air quality monitoring
Legislation regarding the concentration limits
Order no. 592/2002 revized by Order 448/2007 for
establishing the limit values and the evaluation
methods of several primary pollutants in the
environmental air (imisii)
Pollutant Hourly limit value (average 1 h) Daily limit value (average 24 h) Annually limit value for human health protection (average 1 year) Annually limit value for vegetation protection (average 1 year)
SO2 350 µg/m3 125 µg/m3 - 20 µg/m3
NONO2 200 µg/m3 - 40 µg/m3 30 µg/m3
Particulate Matter (PM10) - 50 µg/m3 20 µg/m3 -
Lead - - 0.5 µg/m3 -
Benzene - - 5 µg/m3 -
CO - 10 mg/m3 - -
Ozone 120 µg/m3 - 18.000 µg/m3h -
Arsenic - - 6 µg/m3 -
Cadmium - - 5 µg/m3 -
Nickel - - 20 µg/m3 -
Added by Order 448/2007

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Air quality monitoring
Legislation regarding the concentration limits
Order no. 592/2002 for establishing the limit
values and the evaluation methods of several
primary pollutants in the environmental air
(imisii)
Reference methods for concentration measurement
SO2 Fluorescence in ultraviolet
NONO2 Chemiluminescence
Particulate Matter (PM10) Collection of PM10 on filters and mass measurement (gravimetric) or TEOM method
Lead Collection of lead on filters and AAS
Benzene Aspiration on a filter cartridge and gas chromatography
CO Nondispersive infrared spectrophotometry (NDIR)
Ozone UV photometry

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Air quality monitoring
National Network for Air Quality Monitoring
(RNMCA) www.calitateaer.ro
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Air quality monitoring
Romanian legislation regarding the concentration
limits

• Order no. 462/1993 regarding emissions from
  stationary sources (emisii)
• Refers to emissions produced by
• Stationary sources
• Vehicles
• Infrastructures designed to transportation
• Burning installations
• Fuel burning
• Measurements are mandatory for the installation
  owner.
• The results are to be registered and archived by
  the owner.
• The limits are given according to the source.
• If the limits are exceeded, the polluter pays.

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Air quality monitoring
Order no. 462/1993
Burner supplied with liquid fuel
Thermal power kW/t Thermal power kW/t Thermal power kW/t Thermal power kW/t
Pollutant Unit lt 100 100 - 300 300 - 500 gt 500
Suspended particulates mg/Nm3 50 50 50 50
CO mg/Nm3 170 170 170 170
SOx (expressed in SO2) mg/Nm3 1700 1700 1700 1700
NOx (expressed in NO2) mg/Nm3 450 450 450 450
Burner supplied with solid fuel
Thermal power kW/t Thermal power kW/t Thermal power kW/t Thermal power kW/t
Pollutant Unit lt 100 100 - 300 300 - 500 gt 500
Suspended particulates mg/Nm3 100 100 100 100
CO mg/Nm3 250 250 250 250
SOx (expressed in SO2) mg/Nm3 2000 2000 400 400
NOx (expressed in NO2) mg/Nm3 500 400 400 400

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Air quality monitoring
Order no. 462/1993
Burner supplied with natural gas
Thermal power kW/t Thermal power kW/t Thermal power kW/t Thermal power kW/t
Pollutant Unit lt 100 100 - 300 300 - 500 gt 500
Suspended particulates mg/Nm3 5 5 5 5
CO mg/Nm3 100 100 100 100
SOx (expressed in SO2) mg/Nm3 35 35 35 35
NOx (expressed in NO2) mg/Nm3 350 350 350 350

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Air quality monitoring
Methods and instrumentation

• Passive sampling methods
• Active sampling methods
• Automatic methods
• Remote optical - long path analyzers

• Any instrument measures 3 types of values
• Instantaneous value
• TWA (Time Weighted Average)
• STEL (Short Term Exposure Limits)

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Air quality monitoring
Methods and instrumentation
Gas measurement using spectroscopic methods
Spectrophotometry is based on the interaction of
the gas molecules with light.

• Absorbtion techniques it is measured the
  intensity of light after passing through a
  gaseous medium. Usually absorption is measured at
  several frequencies in order to avoid offests and
  interferences with other species. There are 4
  principles
• Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy
  (DOAS)
• Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
• Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR)
• Tunable Laser Diode Absorption Spectroscopy
  (TLDAS)

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Air quality monitoring
Methods and instrumentation
Gas measurement using spectroscopic methods

• Emission techniques excite molecules of the gas
  and then examine the light emitted as they return
  to their ground state. The signal is passed
  through a narrow-band filter and measured with a
  photomultiplier tube.
• Flame photometry
• Chemiluminescence
• UV fluorescence

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of carbon monoxide (CO) by IR
photometry
A absorbance a absorbtion coefficient b
path length C concentration
A log(I/Io) abC
Beers law
I0
I

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of carbon monoxide (CO)

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of carbon monoxide (CO) by IR
photometry

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of carbon monoxide (CO) by IR
photometry
Schematic of a NDIR head

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of nitric oxides (NOx) by
chemiluminescence
Chemiluminescent reaction
NO O3 gt NO2 O2 hv (0.6 3 µm)

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of sulphur dioxide (SO2) by UV
fluorescence
Excitation S0 h?ex ? S1 Fluorescence
(emission) S1 ? S0 h?em heat

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of sulphur dioxide (SO2) by UV
fluorescence

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of sulphur dioxide (SO2) by UV
fluorescence
Teledyne 100E UV Fluorescence SO2 Analyzer
Ranges 0-50 ppb to 0-20,000 ppb full scale, user
selectable or autoranging Units ppb, ppm, µg/m3,
mg/m3 Zero noise lt 0.2 ppb (RMS) Span noise lt
0.5 of reading (RMS) above 50 ppb Lower
Detectable Limit (LDL) 0,4 ppb Linearity 1 of
full scale Precision 0.5 of reading above 50
ppb Analog outputs 10V, 5V, 1V, 0.1V,
selectable Serial outputs Serial Port 1 RS-232
(DB-9M) Serial Port 2 standard RS-232 or
optional RS-485 (DB-9F), Ethernet

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Air quality monitoring
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography (video clip)

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
Photo-Ionization Detector (PID)

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
Photo-Ionization Detector (PID)

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of suspended particles (particulate
matter PM)
Fraction Size range
PM10 (thoracic fraction) 10 µm
PM2.5 (respirable fraction) 2.5 µm
PM2.5 PM10 (coarse fraction) 2.5 - 10 µm
PM1 (fine fraction) 1 µm
Ultrafine (UFP or UP) 0.1 µm
Aerosol particles gas

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of suspended particles (particulate
matter PM)
Gravimteric method

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of suspended particles (particulate
matter PM)
Beta Attenuation Method

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of suspended particles (particulate
matter PM)
Beta Attenuation Method
Model BAM-1020 EnviroTechnology
Technical specifications Source Carbon-14
(C-14), lt 3.7 MBq Measurement Range 0 to 1.0,
2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0 mg/m3 0 to 100, 1,000, 2,000,
3,000, 5,000, 10,000 µg/m3 Minimum Detection
Limit 6 µg/m3 (1/2 hour), 4 µg/m3 (1hour) 3 µg/m3
(3 hour), 1 µg/m3 (24-hour) Resolution 0.1
µg/m3 Precision 2.0 µg/m3 lt 80 µg/m3, 4-5 µg/m3
gt 80 µg/m3 (24-hour average) Accuracy (for mass
measurement) 5 using NIST-traceable mass foil
set

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of suspended particles (particulate
matter PM)
Optical method

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of suspended particles (particulate
matter PM)
Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)

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Air quality monitoring
Measurement of gaseous pollutants using
electrochemical sensors
R resistance A, a constants C gas
concentration
Metallic oxide Detected gases
TiO2, Fe2O3, CoO, ZnO, ZrO2, SnO2, La2O3 O2
Cr2O3, NiO, ZnO, ZrO2, SnO2, In2O3 CO
Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Co3O4, ZnO CH4
SnO2, VO NOx
ZnO, Al2O3, SnO2 halogens

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