Motivation

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Motivation
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What is Motivation?What do you think it means?
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Motivation

• Motivationfactors within and outside an organism
  that cause it to behave a certain way at a
  certain time
• A need or desire that energizes and directs
  behavior

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Motivation

• Activation initiation or production behavior
• Persistence continued effort to get something
• Intensity greater vigor of responding

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Theories

• Theories have proved weak over time, but we take
  a little from each and evolved
• Why people do what they do is a mystery!!

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Theories of Motivation

• Instinctmotives are innate
• Drivebiological needs as motivation
• Incentiveextrinsic things push or pull behavior
• Arousalpeople are motivated to maintain optimum
  level of arousal
• Humanistichierarchy of needs

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• Instinct Theories
• Motivation is innate and due to genetic
  programming
• Instincts are rigidly patterned throughout a
  species and is inborn instincts

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• Instinct Theories
• Animals display instinctive behavior patterns
  such as migration and mating behavior
• IE. Salmon returning to their birth place, birds
  migrating south for the winter

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Instinct Motivation

• Examples of Instincts
• Rivalry Submission
• Sympathy Modesty
• Fear Secretiveness
• Shyness Repulsion
• Cleanliness Jealousy
• Food-Seeking Curiosity
• Sociability Combativeness
• Parental Love Hunting
• Mating Constructiveness

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Why
Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights?
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Why is Sally so quiet and timid?
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Why is Dave so overweight?
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Why does Jane beat her children?
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Why do people do the things that they
do?(Instinct Theory)

• Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights?
  Combativeness Instinct
• Why is Sally so quiet and timid? Shyness
  Instinct
• Dave is overweight and cant stop eating because
  of his food-seeking instinct.
• Jane beats and neglects her children because she
  wasnt born with a parental love instinct.

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• By 1920s and 1930s instinct theory is out, but
  the idea that some human behaviors are innate and
  genetically programmed remained an important
  element in the overall understanding of
  motivation

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So what is next????
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Drives

• Create imbalances in the body
• Prompts an organism to restore the balance
• typically reducing the drive
• Part of drive-reduction theory

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The Drive Reduction Theory
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DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY

• Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce
  internal tension caused by unmet biological needs
• A physiological need creates an aroused tension
  state (a drive) that motivates an organism to
  satisfy the need
• Eating and drinking are examples of
  drive-reducing behaviors.

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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction Motivation

• Homeostasis The body monitors and maintains
  relatively constant levels of internal states,
  such as body temperature, fluid levels, and
  energy supplies
• If any of these levels deviates very far from the
  optimal level, the body initiates processes
  (motivation) to bring the condition back to normal

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Why did Shawn steal that candy bar?
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Why does Carrie wear sweatshirts, even in the
summer?
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Why do people do the things that they
do?(Drive-Reduction Theory)

• Why did Shawn steal that candy bar? To satisfy
  his hunger and to maintain homeostasis. His body
  told him that he needed it.
• Carrie always wears long sleeve shirts, even in
  the summer. She must have an internal thermostat
  that drops very easily, and in order to maintain
  a certain internal body temperature, she always
  has to wear an extra layer of clothing.

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Homeostasis

• A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
  internal state
• The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry,
  such as blood glucose, around a particular level
• Any change in levels, up or down, results in
  being motivated to bring the level back to normal.

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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Problems

• Drive theories inadequate due to the fact many
  people strive to increase tension and
  physiological arousal
• I.e. running a marathon
• Jumping out an airplane

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Cognitive Explanations Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Motivation

• Module 11 Motivation

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Intrinsic Motivation

• A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
  and to be effective
• You do it because you love it

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Extrinsic Motivation

• A desire to perform a behavior because of
  promised rewards or threats of punishment
• You do it cause you are paid to do so

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Extrinsic Motivation

• Incentive Theory Extrinsic Motivation
• Behavior is motivated solely by the pull of
  external rewards (reinforcement principal)

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Why did Kevin kill Bill?
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Why does Janet swim everyday, for many hours?
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Why does Steve do nothing but homework?
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Why do people do the things that they
do?(Incentive Theory)

• Kevin committed murder because he was paid to do
  so.
• Jane swims everyday, before and after school, on
  weekends, etc. so that she can win an Olympic
  Gold medal.
• Steve is considered a geek because he does all of
  his homework so that he can get all As. If he
  does, he can have a television in his bedroom.

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Intrinsic Motivation

• Intrinsic motivation is when you are motivated by
  internal factors, as opposed to the external
  drivers of extrinsic motivation.

• Intrinsic motivation drives you to do things just
  for the fun of it, or because I believe it is a
  good or right thing to do.

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• Why did Cassie become a nun?

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• Why does Greg work at the homeless shelter on
  weekends, instead of playing baseball?

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• Why does Karen spend so many hours working on her
  perfecting her swing?

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• Why did Jessica serve on jury duty, even though
  she missed several days of work and an exam?

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Why do people do the things that they
do?(Intrinsic Motivation)

• Cassie became a nun because she felt that it was
  morally the right thing to do.
• Greg works at the homeless shelter because it
  makes him feel good to help other people in need.
• Karen practices her swing because she enjoys
  softball, and so that she can become a better
  softball player.
• Jessica was a jurier in the murder trial because
  putting away criminals is the right thing to do.

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Humanistic Motivation
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Motivation

• Humanistic Theory
• Internal motivation factors
• People are motivated to satisfy a progression of
  internal needs, beginning with the most basic and
  moving towards the realization of personal
  potential

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Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

• Humanistic psychologist who developed the
  hierarchy of needs

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Humanistic Motivation

• Once the needs at a particular level are
  satisfied, an individual is motivated to satisfy
  the needs at the next level, and then steadily
  move upwards
• The ultimate goal is self-actualization, or the
  realization of a persons potential,
  self-fulfillment, or the full use of ones
  talents and capacities

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Hierarchy of Needs

• Remember - Higher-level needs wont become active
  until lower-level needs have been satisfied.

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Humanistic Motivation

• Physiological Needs
• the need to breathe
• the need to drink and eat
• the need to dispose of bodily waste material
• the need for sleep
• the need to regulate the bodily temperature
• the need to seek shelter
• the need to reproduce

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Humanistic MotivationPhysiological Needs

• Physiological needs are the very basic needs such
  as air, water, food, sleep, etc. When these are
  not satisfied we may feel sickness, irritation,
  pain, discomfort, etc.
• These feelings motivate us to alleviate them as
  soon as possible to establish homeostasis. Once
  they are alleviated, we may then think about
  other things.

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• When the physiological needs are met, the need
  for safety will emerge.

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Humanistic Motivation

• Safety Needs
• Security of employment
• Security of revenues and resources
• Physical Security - violence, delinquency,
  aggressions
• Moral and physiological security
• Familial security
• Security of health

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Humanistic Motivation Safety Needs

• Safety needs have to do with establishing
  stability and consistency in a chaotic world.
• IE. We need the security of a home and family.
  If a family is dysfunctional, a child cannot move
  to the next level because they are constantly
  concerned for their safety.
• Love and belongingness (Step 3) have to wait
  until they are no longer cringing in fear.

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Examples

• Many in our society cry out for law and order
  because they do not feel safe enough to go for a
  walk in their neighborhood.
• Many people, particularly those in the inner
  cities, unfortunately, are stuck at this level.

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Examples

• In addition, safety needs sometimes motivate
  people to be religious.
• Religions comfort us with the promise of a safe
  secure place after we die and leave the
  insecurity of this world.

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Next Step

• After physiological and safety needs are
  fulfilled, the third layer of human needs are
  based on the needs for belongingness and love.

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Humanistic Motivation

• Belongingness and Love Needs
• emotionally-based relationships
• friendship, sexual relationship, or having a
  family.

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• Humans have a desire to belong to groups clubs,
  work groups, religious groups, family, gangs,
  etc.
• We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by others, to
  be accepted by others.
• We need to be needed.

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Humanistic Motivation Belongingness and Love
Needs

• People have a constant desire to feel needed.
• In the absence of these elements, people become
  increasingly susceptible to loneliness, social
  anxiety, and depression.

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• Once the needs of Stages 1 thru 3 have been met,
  humans can concentrate on fulfilling esteem needs.

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• There are 2 types of esteem needs.
• First is self-esteem which results from
  competence or mastery of a task. Respecting
  yourself!

• Second, there's the attention and recognition
  that comes from others.

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• Imbalances at this level can result in a low
  self-esteem and inferiority complexes
• on the other hand in an inflated sense of self
  and snobbishness.

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• Only if the needs of Stages 1 thru 4 have been
  met can a person move on the Stage 5. Most
  people spend the majority of their lives striving
  to achieve and maintain the goals set forth in
  Stages 1 thru 4, and may never reach Stage 5,
• self-actualization.

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Self-Actualization

• At the top of Maslows pyramid
• According to Maslow, the need to live up to ones
  fullest and unique potential

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• The need for self-actualization is "the desire to
  become more and more what one is, to become
  everything that one is capable of becoming."
• - Maslow

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Self Actualization

• A musician must make music, the artist must
  paint, a poet must write, if he is to be
  ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can
  be, he must be. This need we may call
  self-actualization.

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Humanistic Motivation

• Characteristics of Self-Actualized People
• They embrace the facts and realities of the world
  (including themselves) rather than denying or
  avoiding them.
• They are spontaneous and creative in their ideas
  and actions.
• They are interested in solving problems this
  often includes the problems of others. Solving
  these problems is often a key focus in their
  lives.
• They feel a closeness to other people, and
  generally appreciate life.
• They have a system of morality that is fully
  internalized and independent of external
  authority.
• They judge others without prejudice, in a way
  that can be termed objective.

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Specific Motivations

• Hunger
• Achievement

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Hunger

• What physiological factors cause us to feel
  hungry?
• What psychological factors cause us to feel
  hungry?

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Hunger Drive

• Other stimuli that act on the brain to increase
  or decrease hunger include
• satiety signals from the stomach (CCK)
• signals indicating the amount of food molecules
  in the blood (insulin)
• leptin, a hormone indicating the amount of fat
  in the body
• internals vs. externals

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Research on Weight Regulation and Dieting

• No consistent personality trait differences
  found between obese and non-obese people (e.g.,
  willpower, anxiety)
• Dieters and obese are more likely to eat in
  response to stress than non-dieters
• Family environment of little importance in
  determining body weight genetics plays a large
  role
• Number of fat-storage cells is a major
  determinant of body weight

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Research on Weight Regulation and Dieting

• Fat cells are determined by genetics and food
  intake
• They increase with weight gain, but merely shrink
  with weight loss may stimulate hunger
• Weight loss causes a decline in basal metabolism

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Effects of Culture and Habits on Body Weight

• Baseline body weightcluster of genetic and
  environmental factors that cause a persons
  weight to settle within a given range
• Weight can be affected by factors like diet,
  exercise, and daily habits (e.g., stairs instead
  of elevator)

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Basal Metabolic Rate

• The rate at which the body uses energy for vital
  functions while at rest
• Factors that influence BMR
• Age
• Sex
• Size
• Genetics
• Food intake

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Excess Weight and Obesity

• Obesitycondition characterized by excessive body
  fat and a BMI equal to or greater than 30.0
• Overweightcondition characterized by BMI between
  25.0 and 29.9

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Factors Contributing to Being Overweight

• Highly palatable foodwe eat because it tastes so
  good
• SuperSize Itfood portions are larger than
  necessary or health
• Cafeteria Diet Effectmore food and more variety
  leads us to eat more
• Snackingdoes not cause us to eat less at dinner
• BMRchanges through the lifespan
• Sedentary lifestyles

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Factors in Obesity

• Genetic susceptibilitysome people are more
  likely to be predisposed to obesity
• Weight cyclingrepeated dieting, weight loss and
  weight gain tends to result in higher weight and
  reduced BMR.

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Hunger Physiological Factors

• Set-Point Theory the hypothalamus decides what
  signal to send based on a genetic metabolic rate
  (how quickly the body uses energy)

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• Our eating habits (when we eat, what we eat, how
  much we eat, etc.) is not only controlled by
  internal signals of hunger or fullness, but also
  by external factors related to taste preferences,
  culture, media influences, convenience, moods,
  religion, etc.

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• Some people have a preferences for hot and spicy
  foods, while others enjoy sweets or salty foods.
• In some cultures or time periods heaviness
  indicated wealth, so eating was/is encouraged.
• Eastern cultures often enjoy dog, rat, and horse
  meat. In some Middle Eastern cultures the eye of
  a camel is considered a delicacy.
• Hindus avoid eating beef because Hindus believe
  that all living things contain a part of the
  divine spirit.

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• When you are happy you may eat certain foods, but
  when you are sad you may indulge in other foods.
• If there is an abundance or lack of grocery
  stores, fast-food drive-thru, and restaurant,
  eating habits may differ.
• Media images influence eating behaviors as well.
  If the Hollywood standard is thin, if models are
  heroin chic, then eating habits may change,
  especially with regards to young women.

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• The Garcia Effect Simply thinking about a
  certain food and its pairing with an unpleasant
  episode will curb your desire for that food
• IE. At the movies, your friend vomits popcorn
  all over the seat and your shoes. Popcorn no
  longer has an appeal to you.
• Similar to a taste aversion but it does not
  follow the rules of classical conditioning

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• Eating Disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa an eating disorder in which a
  normal-weight person diets and becomes
  significantly underweight, yet still feeling fat,
  continues to starve
• Bulimia Nervosa an eating disorder
  characterized by episodes of overeating, followed
  by vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise

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Eating Disorders cont.

• Binge-eatingdisorder characterized by recurring
  episodes of binge eating without purging.

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Weight Loss Trends

• In 2003
• 65 of U.S. citizens indicated they tried some
  form of weight loss or weight control
• 49 attempted to lose at least five pounds
• 16 attempted to maintain their weight
• Only 20 however, were "very" or "extremely"
  successful

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• Research suggests that about one percent (1) of
  female adolescents have anorexia. That means that
  about one out of every one hundred young women
  between ten and twenty are starving themselves,
  sometimes to death.
• Research suggests that about four percent (4),
  or four out of one hundred, college-aged women
  have bulimia. About 50 of people who have been
  anorexic develop bulimia or bulimic patterns.
  Because people with bulimia are secretive, it is
  difficult to know how many older people are
  affected.
• Only about 10 of people with anorexia and
  bulimia are male.

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• Without treatment, up to twenty percent (20) of
  people with serious eating disorders die. With
  treatment, that number falls to two to three
  percent (2-3).
• With treatment, about sixty percent (60) of
  people with eating disorders recover. In spite of
  treatment, about twenty percent (20) of people
  with eating disorders make only partial
  recoveries. The remaining twenty percent (20) do
  not improve, even with treatment.

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Interesting stuff

• Average woman
• 54 145 lbs. Size 11-14
  36/37-29/31-40/42
• Barbie
• 6 101 lbs. Size 4 39-19-33
• Store Mannequin
• 6 N/A Size 6 34-23-34

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Overweight

• Studies suggest that about sixty percent of adult
  Americans, both male and female, are overweight.
  About one third (34) are obese, meaning that
  they are 20 or more above normal, healthy
  weight. Many of these people have binge eating
  disorder.

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• In addition, about 31 percent of American teenage
  girls and 28 percent of boys are somewhat
  overweight. An additional 15 percent of American
  teen girls and nearly 14 percent of teen boys are
  obese. (Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent
  Medicine, January 2004) Causes include fast food,
  snacks with high sugar and fat content, little
  physical activity including use of automobiles,
  increased time spent in front of TV sets and
  computers, and a generally more sedentary
  lifestyles than slimmer peers.

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Overweight

• Who to Blame?
• Genetics
• Population Trends
• Lifestyle
• High-Carb Diets
• Decline in Smoking
• Less Demanding Workplace
• Television
• Social Class

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Achievement Motivation

• A desire for significant accomplishment
• A desire for the mastery of things, people, or
  ideas
• A desire for attaining a high standard

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Achievement

• Characteristics and Factors related to ones
  need to achieve
• Job Satisfaction
• Employee Engagement
• Harness Your Strengths
• Set Goals
• Choosing An Appropriate Leadership Style

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Achievement

• Characteristics and Factors related to ones
  need to achieve
• A persistence and eagerness for realistic
  challenges
• Ambition
• Energetic
• Self-disciplined
• Preparation
• Practice

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Achievement

• Characteristics and Factors related to ones
  need to achieve
• Disciplined Motivation
• Continuously Productive
• Positive Mood
• Leadership
• Organization and Goal Focus
• Mediating Conflict

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Developing Self Motivation

• Associate your high achievement with positive
  emotions
• Connect your achievement with your efforts
• Raise your expectations

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Motivating Others

• Cultivate intrinsic motivation
• Attend to individual motives
• Set specific, challenging goals
• Choose an appropriate leadership style
• Task leadership
• Social leadership

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