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The Renaissance

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Title: The Renaissance

1
The Renaissance

MSHS Humanities
Kathie J.R. Bettler

2
The Renaissance

OUT OF THE SICK GOTHIC NIGHT OUR EYES ARE OPENED
TO THE GLORIOUS TOUCH OF THE SUN
François Rabelais

3
Early Renaissance

In the 19th century Jacob Burckhardt
defined the Renaissance
as a rebirth of the classical ideal
(from Greece and Rome).
Many 20th century philosophers believe,
however, that there was more of a shift
in cultural and educational emphasis
than a new discovery of the past.

The Renaissance began in Italy (New Athens)
in the 1400s.
The fine or liberal arts were redefined as art
(they were crafts in the Middle Ages).
Petrarch is considered the Father of Humanism
because of his love for learning.

The medieval view of life as a vale of tears,
with no purpose other than preparing
for salvation and the afterlife,
gave way to what was viewed
as a more liberating ideal
of people playing important roles
in this world.
Emphasis was placed on the individual
and on individual achievement.

The rising middle class
sought more material comforts,
thus there developed a new economic system
capitalism.
Capitalism challenged Renaissance
men and women
to pursue their own individual goals.
There was an explosion of economic activity
in the trading of goods and services.

7
New Discoveries

During the Renaissance there was a thirst
for new discovery of all kinds
scientific, technological, geographical.
1. crank-and-connecting rod system
2. flying machine (da Vinci)
3. printing press
4. Diaz sailed down the coast of Africa
5. Columbus sailed to the West Indies

8
Architecture

In the early 14th century a new style of art
arose among artists in Florence, Italy.
This style sought to capture the forms and ideas
of the ancient Greeks and Romans,
and it was a style dedicated to human principles
and potentials rather than to ecclesiastical
ones.
1. Roman ruins were measured and proportions were
copied.
2. Decorative detail was popular
3. External appearances were no longer ruled by
structural concerns and took on a life of their
own.

9
Dance

Theatre dance came out of the courts
of Northern Italy,
and formal dances were a part
of elaborate court entertainments.
The search for perfection,
for individual expression, dignity, and grace,
created a vocabulary for dance steps
and choreography of patterns.

10
High Renaissance

Although the High Renaissance is considered
to last from 1495 until 1527,
it actually began with an artist
who was much ahead of his time
Leonardo da Vinci.

By 1500 the courts of the Italian princes
had become the centers
of cultural activity and patronage.
The wealth of the popes,
and their desire to rebuild Rome
on a grand scale,
made that city a center of patronage as well.
Music became a major art form.
Ancient Roman architectural and sculptural style
was revived.

High Renaissance art sought a universal ideal
with impressive themes and styles.
The artists believed
that the world of nature
possesssed perfect order,
and sought to create beauty
through harmonious proportions.

13
Visual Arts

The work of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
has an otherwordly, dreamlike quality,
which he achieved
by blending light and shadow,
in a technique called sfumato.
His figures hover between reality and illusion,
with only the highlighted portions emerging.

14
Madonna of the Rocks
15
The Last Supper
16
Mona Lisa
17
Michelangelo
Perhaps the dominant figure of the High
Renaissance was Michelangelo. He was not
interested in science, like Leonardo, only in
the human form. He was also a man of great
religious faith. He was a sculptor, painter,
architect, and poet. His most famous work is
the Sistine Chapel ceiling, which he painted
under the patronage of Pope Julius II.
18
The Creation of Adam
19
Sculpture

Michelangelo,
unlike earlier Renaissance artists,
did not follow pre-established rules.
He believed that measurement and proportion
should be kept
in the eyes
of the artist.

20
David
21
Pietà
22
Theatre

Commedia dellarte
(Comedy of professional artists)
began in Italy in the 15th century,
and maintained its popularity
through to the 18th century.
The performances were built around situations
such as
jealousy, adultery, love, and old age, and
can be traced to the earlier Roman comedies
of Plautus and Terence.
The plots often satirized local events,
and used slapstick humor and lazzi
(rehearsed stage business).

23
Commedia dellarte

Commedia dellarte is identified by four
characteristics
Improvisationactors created the play from a plot
outline, called a scenario.
Stock characterscharacters who were easily
recognizable by their costumes and traits.
Mime, pantomime, and acrobatics were used by
masked actors for comic effect.
Actors traveled in companies.

24
Stock Characters

Scaramoucheclever servant
Brighellabully
Pantalonemiddle-aged wealthy father or
husband who sought to keep the young lovers
apart.
Dottoreelderly scholar
who was not really smart
Capitanoboastful coward
Columbinawitty servant girl

25
The Renaissance Stage

During the High Renaissance,
painted sets with perspective were created.
The proscenium arch
created a picture frame window,
so that the audience watched the action
as if through a fourth wall.

26
Music

Renaissance composers sought
to enhance the meaning and emotion
of the written music,
and created what is called word painting.
If, for example, a text described a descent,
the music might use a descending melody line.
Despite the increased sense of emotion,
Renaissance music remained restrained and
balanced, avoiding extreme contrasts
in dynamics, tone color, or rhythm.

27
Vocal Music

During the Renaissance,
vocal music was polyphonic,
which means two or more independent melodies
played at the same time.
Another word for polyphonic music
is counterpoint.
In secular music, the madrigal
(a setting of lyric poetry for 4 or 5 voices)
was a popular form.

28
Instrumental Music

During the Renaissance,
Instrumental music developed an independence
from vocal music.
Music began to be written
Expressly for instruments,
Like the harpsichord.
Much instrumental music
was written for dance.

29
The Renaissance and Reformation in Northern Europe

The Reformation in Northern Europe took place
at the same time as the Renaissance
in Southern Europe.
It refers to economic, political,
and religious conflicts.
This reformation took place as a result of
centuries
of resentment of papal authority.
It was not an attempt to start a new branch of
Christianity,
but rather it was a sincere attempt to reform
what were perceived as serious problems
in the Roman Catholic Church.

Economically,
the Church had amassed huge tax-free wealth
while the secular sector was heavily taxed.
Politically,
there was resentment
of a central ecclesiastical authority.
Religiously,
there were arguments
against Church dogma.

31
Christian Humanism

A seeking of a return to the simple good news
of the Gospel for moral living and for peace.
The Christian Humanists regarded
the external aspects of worship,
such as festivals, sacraments, music, and
imagery,
as less important than inner belief.
The humanists believed in fundamental goodness
of the human race
and were positive about human development.

32
Dance

European indoor court entertainments of the early
and mid-sixteenth century often took the form of
lavish court ballets-interludes between banquet
courses.
Courtly dancing became professional and highly
skilled with the dancers performing both on a
raised stage and in the middle of the banquet
halls (with their wealthy patrons).
Formal ballet came of age as an art form under
the patronage of Catherine de Medici (1519-1589)
of France.

33
Drama