Radiation Safety Training

1
Radiation Safety Training

• Short course at
• MSUM
• Radiation Safety Officer
• Joseph J Provost

2
Introduction

• Radiation and radioactive materials can be
  valuable tools in research
• There are 3 labs using radioactive isotopes at
  MSUM
• Radioactive materials are used in a variety of
  disciplines, ranging from the biological sciences
  to physics even art!

3
Radiation and You

• Radiation and radioactive materials are safe if
  used properly
• Background radiation is the ionizing radiation
  emitted from a variety of natural and artificial
  radiation sources

Your exposure can never realistically be zero,
because background radiation is always present
4
Decay

• Radiation from radioactive materials is the
  result of radioactive decay. An atom with an
  unstable nucleus will decay until it becomes a
  stable atom, emitting radiation as it decays.

5
Introduction

• Radioactivity comes from the atomic nucleus, not
  from the electron cloud.
• Without instruments, radioactivity cannot be
  seen, felt, smelled, tasted, or detected by human
  beings.
• For this reason, it went undiscovered until this
  century.

6
Where Does It Come From?

• Radiation results from an unstable nucleus

e-
e-
H-3
This is called radioactive decay
7
Who found it?

• 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered natural radiation
  - Uranium energy captured by phosphorus and X-Ray
  film
• Marie Curie - student of Henri, determined the
  emissions were radiation and found the
  radioactive element - Radium and Polonium. First
  person to win two Nobel Prizes in two fields
  (1903 and 1911) one with HB and one with her
  husband
• Irene Joliot-Curie - induction of radioactive
  material Ni, P and Si (1935 Nobel Prize)

8
Decay

• For example, the H-3 (also known as tritium)
  nucleus consists of one proton and two neutrons.
  When undergoing radioactive decay, one of the
  tritium neutrons emits an electron and becomes a
  proton resulting in He-3, which has three protons
  and one neutron.

e-
3H
3He
9

• Sometimes a substance will progress through
  several radioactive decays until it reaches a
  stable state.

10
Where Does it Come From?

• Radiation results from an unstable nucleus

e-
e-
He-3
H-3

• This is called radioactive decay

11
Nuclear Arithmetic

• Protons and neutrons are collectively called
  nucleons
• where
• 1. Number of neutrons A-Z
• 2. The nucleon number of an isotope is written as
  a suffix to the name ex. Hydrogen - 2

X chemical symbol A nucleon number (sum of p
and n) Z atomic number ( of p)
12
Transmutation

• Not all nuclei are radioactive
• OF ALL OF THESE ARE ISOTOPES, ONLY ONE IS
  RADIOACTIVE!

13
Transmutation

• Not all nuclei are radioactive. Some nuclei are
  stable while other are radioactive those that
  are radioactive are sometimes referred to as
  RADIOISOTOPES.

14
Radioactive Decay

• Radioactive decay is a random event
• Half life is the time it takes for half of the
  nuclei is a substance to undergo radioactive
  decay

of unstable nuclei
long half life
short half life
Time
15
Half Life

• Radioactive decay occurs randomly, that is, it is
  not known when

individual atoms will undergo decay. However,
although the decay of individual atoms is random,
a radioactive substance, consisting of many
atoms, will decay according to a known pattern.
16

• A property often used to describe a radioactive
  substance is known as the half-life.
• The half life is the time it takes for half of
  the unstable nuclei in the radioactive substance
  to undergo radioactive decay.

17
For example, the half-life of P-32 is 14.3 days.

• If you start with 100 microcuries(the unit of the
  microcurie will be explained later) of P-32 ,
  after 14.3 days there would be 50 microcuries
  left.
• After another 14.3 days there would be 25
  microcuries left.
• After 10 half-lives, only about 1/1000th
  (actually 1/210, which is 1/1024) of the original
  will be left.

18

• There is a wide range of half-lives for
  isotopesThe half-life of P-32 is only 14.3 days
  whereas the half-life of C-14 is 5730 years

19
Radioactive decay Equation

• Activity(A)number of nuclei (N) that decay per
  unit of time
• A(t) dN/dt -lN(t) A(t) AOe-lt

AO
initial activity
of undecayed nuclei (N)
l is called the decay constant
time(t)
20
Half-life the Decay Constant

• Half-life (t1/2) is related to the constant
  according to this equationt1/2 (ln 2)/l

AO
Activity
1/2 AO
1/2 AO
t1/2
t1/2
Time
21
Radioactive Emissions

• Alpha particles
• Beta particles

22
Radioactive Emissions

• Alpha particles contain two protons and two
  neutrons (a helium nucleus). They have an atomic
  number of 2.

23
Properties-Alpha Particles

• consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
• have 2 charge
• can only travel up to a few centimeters in air
• are stopped by the protective layer of your skin

2
24
Alpha emitters

• We do not currently use isotopes which emit alpha
  particles
• Generally these are elements which are very heavy
  
• Atomic Number greater than 83
• Thorium, radon and so on.

25
Radioactive Emissions

• Alpha particles contain two protons and two
  neutrons (a helium nucleus). They have an atomic
  number of 2.
• Beta particles

26
Radioactive Emissions

• Alpha particles contain two protons and two
  neutrons (a helium nucleus). They have an atomic
  number of 2.
• Beta particles are simply electrons. Beta
  radiation is a stream of electrons.

27
Properties - Beta Particles
b
b

• Beta particles
• are either an electron (-1 charge) or positron
  (1 charge)
• travel about 12 feet per MeV in air
• Higher energy betas should be shielded with low Z
  materials such as Plexiglas/Lucite or wood

b-
28
Typical beta isotopes

• We use several ß emitters at MSU. These can be
  classified as low or high energy particles

29
Radioactive Emissions

• Gamma rays
• Positron emission

30
Radioactive Emissions

• Gamma rays are a high energy form of
  electromagnetic radiation. They are similar to
  light waves but have shorter wavelengths and are
  more energetic.
• Positron emission

31
Properties - Gamma Rays

• Gamma rays
• are photons that originate from the nucleus of
  the atom
• do not carry a charge
• can cause ionization when they interact
• should be shielded with high Z materials, such as
  lead, if appropriate

32

• Some possible gamma emitters
• 22Na
• 36Cl
• 125I
• 131 I

33
Radioactive Emissions

• Gamma rays are a high energy form of
  electromagnetic radiation. They are similar to
  light waves but have shorter wavelengths and are
  more energetic.
• Positron emission equal in mass to beta particles
  but opposite in charge

34
Radiation particles
35
Properties - Characteristic X-rays

• Characteristic X-rays are generated when
  electrons fall from higher energy to lower energy
  electron shells

e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
X
36
Properties - Bremsstrahlung X-rays

• Bremsstrahlung X-rays are created when electrons
  are slowed down in the field of a nucleus

e-

X
e-
37
Penetrating Power

• The penetrating power of radiation varies in
  part due to their masses and their charges
• Protection from radiation - distance and shielding

38
Penetrating Power

• Alpha - outside of body little damage, not able
  to penetrate skin. Inside of the body causes
  much damage to tissues cells DNA and Proteins
• Beta - some harm but much less than alpha can go
  through skin

• Gamma - is the most harmful easily penetrates
  skin and damages DNA and Cells as it rips
  through

39
Exposure

• Elements tend to concentrate in certain parts of
  the body
• I - Thyroid
• S - Skin
• P - Bone
• H - Throughout

40
Radiation Units

• There are specific units for the amount of
  radiation you receive in a given time and for the
  total amount of exposure you are subjected to.

41
Measuring radioactivity rates -What Is a Curie?

• This is the amount of radioactivity in a sample
  (the amount of radioactivity activity)
• A commonly-used unit for measuring activity is
  the curie(Ci)
• 1 curie is equal to 2.2 x 1012 disintegrations
  per minute (dpm)
• Typical activities found in a university lab are
  in the microcurie (mCi) to millicurie (mCi) range

42
Measuring radioactivity rates- What is a
Becquerel (Bq)

• The amount of radioactive material which decays
  at a rate of one disintegratration per second
  (dps)
• This is the SI unit of radioactive material or
  activity

43
CPM DPM

• CPM is the counts per minute that a detector
  sees
• DPM are the actual disintegrations (release of
  energy) by a radioactive sample disintegrations
  per minute
• Since detectors arent 100 efficient...DPM
  CPM / Detector Efficiency(the detector
  efficiency for the specific radioisotope, that is)

44
Radiation Dose vs Rate

• Dose is the amount of radiation you were actually
  exposed to
• Roentogen - This can only be used to describe an
  amount of gamma and X-rays, and only in air. One
  roentgen is equal to depositing in dry air enough
  energy to cause 2.58E-4 coulombs per kg. It is a
  measure of the ionizations of the molecules in a
  mass of air. (NOT a or b particles)

45
What is a REM?

• REM - The most common used unit for measuring
  radiation dose in people is the rem
• REM Roentgen equivalent for man, a roentgen (an
  international unit of X- or gamma-radiation)
  adjusted for the atomic makeup of the human body
• Since the rem is a relatively large unit, it is
  more common to use the millirem (mrem), which is
  1/1000th of a rem

46
Rem is a Dose equilavent

• The Dose equivalent is the product of the
  absorbed dose in tissue times a quality factor
• This relates the absorbed dose in human tissue to
  the effective biological damage of the
  radiation.
• Not all radiation has the same biological effect,
  even for the same amount of absorbed dose.
• Rem Quality factor x dose in rads
• Sievert is the SI unit of dose equivalent

47
Quality factors

• X and gamma rays 1
• Beta particles 1
• Thermal Neutrons 2
• Fast Neutrons 10
• Protons 10
• Alpha particles 20

48
Other Dose Units

• Rad (Radiation Absorbed Dose)- this is the amount
  of exposure to any type of material from any type
  of radiation measured in Joules/kg tissue
• The Gray is the absorbed dose that corresponds to
  the transfer of 1 joule to 1 kg of material (SI
  unit). Does not relate to biological effects.

49
Background Radiation

• Natural sources 300 mrem Medical 53 m
• Occupational 0.9 mrem Nuclear Fuel 0.05 mrem
• Consumer products 5-13 mrem
• Misc. environmental 0.06 mrem

From NCRP Report 93
50
Occupational Radiation Exposure Limits

• Whole body 5,000 mrem/year
• Extremities 50,000 mrem/year
• Eye 15,000 mrem/year
• Fetus 500 mrem/gestation period (declared
  pregnancy)
• Minors 500 mrem/year
• Rad workers 100 mrem/year over background

51
Review

• Rate - of disintegration
• DPM
• Curie
• Becquerel (SI)
• NOT CPM

• Dose - amount of radiation exposed
• Roentogen
• Rad
• Gray (SI)
• REM (equivalent)
• Sievert (SI equivalent)

52
Declared Pregnant Woman

• A woman who has voluntarily informed the
  Radiation Safety Section in writing of her
  pregnancy and estimated date of conception

53
Relative Risk -A Comparison
Examples of relative risk adapted from Cohen and
Lee, A Catalogue of Risks, Health Physics,
vol. 36, June 1979.
54
Reduction in life span

• Activity Avg. Reduction
• Living in a city Vs country 5 years
• Single Vs. Married 5 years
• Male Vs female 3 years
• Radiation
• Cosmic 25 days
• Medical 30 days
• Terrestrial 50 - 100 days
• World fallout 1 day

55
Biological effects

• Two types stochastic and non-stochastic
• Stochastic effects
• Stochastic effects are associated with long-term,
  low-level (chronic) exposure to radiation.
  ("Stochastic" refers to the likelihood that
  something will happen.)
• Increased levels of exposure make these health
  effects more likely to occur, but do not
  influence the type or severity of the effect.
• The severity of the ultimate effect is not linked
  to the amount of the dose
• There is NO threshold for the effects to be
  observed - Rad safety assumes no safe amount.

56
Somatic, Prompt Effects
Acute Dose (rem) Syndrome 1 - 25 No
detectable effects 25 - 100 Slight sickness
RBCs drop 100-1000 Hemopoietic 1000-5000 Gas
tointestinal 5000-10000 Central Nervous System
57
Gamma Radiation

• Absorbed Dose Survival Probability
• 100 rad Virtually certain
• 100 - 200 rad Probable
• 200 - 450 rad Probable
• 500 - 600 rad Almost impossible
• 900 - 1200 rad Possible in some cases
• with bone marrow t-plant

58
Non-stochastic effects

• Severity of the result is related to the dose
  (usually high dose).
• Adverse effect happens soon after exposure and
  can be directly linked to exposure
• Generally related to a large dose over a short
  time
• There is a threshold level - observed effects
  follow typical distribution around a dose

59
Cancer Risks
Excess Cancer Deaths after Acute, one-time
exposure to 10 rem per 100,000 People (BEIR V)
Adult Leukemia 95 Cancer of
digestive system 230 Cancer of Respiratory
System 170 Leukemia risk (without excess 10
rem) was 685 excess deaths per 100,000 people
(1980 Vital Statistics of the U.S.)
60
Teratogenic Effects
Another class of biological effects of concern
are called the teratogenic effects.
Teratogenic effects are effects which occur in
offspring as a result of exposure to a hazard
while in-utero
61
Maternal Factors Pregnancy
62
Occupational Dose
Annual Limits For Workers

• Whole body(active blood forming organs) 5 REM
• Eyes - 15 REM Extremities - 50 REM
• Minors (10 of adult limits)
• Embryo/Fetus - 0.5 REM over the entire pregnancy.

Annual Limits For General Public

• Total Effective Dose Equivalent lt 0.1 REM

63
ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
MSUM is committed to keeping radiation
exposures to personnel ALARA
64
ALARA
Education - Ensure proper training and use
reduces unnecessary exposure Dose - The lower the
dose the better, but all within reason Reasonable
- is determined on a case by case basis with the
PI and RSO Protection - Use proper shielding and
reduce time of exposure
65
Radiation Protection
The three principles of radiation
protection Time Distance
Shielding
66
Time
Decreasing the time spent near a radiation
source decreases radiation exposure
67
Distance
Increasing the distance from a radiation source
decreases radiation exposure
68
Shielding

Increasing the shielding of a radiation source
decreases radiation exposure
shield
69
Shielding Beta Emitters

• H-3, C-14, S-35 do not require shielding for the
  quantities typically in use.
• Higher energy beta-emitters, such as P-32, may
  need to be shielded
• Shield with low Z materials, such as Plexiglas or
  wood
• Do NOT shield with high Z materials, such as
  lead- you can actually generate additional
  radiation in the form of x-rays!

70
Shielding Gamma Emitters

• Lead Shielding is not required for most
  quantities of gamma emitters in use, such as
  I-125 or Cr-51
• If lead shielding is used, be careful not to
  contaminate it with long-lived radioisotopes

71
Protective Clothing

• Gloves
• Lab Coat
• Eyewear
• Closed toe footwear

72
Contamination Control

• Watch out where you put your hot little hands
  during an experiment
• Monitor yourself and your work area frequently
  for radioactivity
• Make sure to wash your hands after finishing an
  experiment

73
Avoid Ingesting Radioactive Material

• Dont bring hands or objects to your mouth when
  performing an experiment
• Eating, drinking, smoking, and applying cosmetics
  are strictly forbidden in radioisotope use areas
• Never mouth pipette
• Food doesnt belong in a refrigerator which
  stores radioactive materials

74
Avoid inhaling radioactive material

• Make sure that you have proper ventilation for
  your experiment
• When using volatile materials, use a fume hood
  which has been certified

75
Radioactive Signs Labels
Radioisotopes use areas should be
clearly marked Use warning signs/ labels
on - work areas - rad waste containers
- sinks - refrigerators - equipment
76
Using H-3 (Tritium)

• Betas from H-3 are stopped by the protective
  layer of your skin- shielding is not needed for
  quantities typically in use at MSUM
• H-3 tends to creep - do not store tritiated
  water in refrigerators or freezers without
  keeping in a sealed container
• Can not detect by Geiger counter - must use a
  wipe test.

77
Using C-14 S-35

• Shielding is not needed for quantities typically
  in use at MSUM
• Spot checks for contamination can be performed
  using direct monitoring, but contamination
  surveys must be performed using a swipe survey
• These isotopes can not be detected by Geiger
  counter.

78
Using P-32

• If shielding is needed, use a low Z material such
  as wood or Plexiglas
• Do NOT use lead shielding- x-rays can be
  generated
• Geiger counter or wipe test will measure this
  isotope.

79
Using Carrier-free I-125

• Perform iodination as quickly as possible in a
  certified fume hood
• Reduce (iodine to iodide) all fractions, liquid
  waste and equipment used ASAP
• Store unused portions and items which cannot be
  reduced inside a sealed bag with activated
  charcoal in a fume hood
• Geiger counters will detect this isotope

80
General Spill Procedures

• When cleaning up a spill, place absorbent
  material around the edges of the spill and clean
  from the outside edges of the spill towards the
  center to avoid spreading contamination
• Place materials used to clean the spill into the
  appropriate radioactive waste containers
• The Radiation Safety Officer can provide advice
  to lab personnel regarding decontamination
  procedures

81
Minor Radioactive Spills

• A minor spill is one that involves small
  quantities/activities/energies of radioactive
  material confined to a relatively localized area
• Most spills that occur in the lab are minor, and
  should be cleaned up by lab personnel ASAP
• You do not need to inform the Radiation Safety
  Officer in the event of a minor spill

82
Intermediate Spills

• An intermediate spill may involve larger amounts
  of radioactive material spread over a greater
  area
• Intermediate spills can also involve small
  amounts of more hazardous radioactive materials,
  e.g., higher energy emitters

83
Intermediate Spills- What to Do

• Confine contamination with absorbent materials
• Check yourself for contamination before leaving
  area remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
• Restrict access to the spill area
• If the spill involves a volatile material,
  increase ventilation if it is a dry spill,
  decrease ventilation

84
Intermediate Spills- What to Do(cont..)

• If contamination is widespread outside the lab,
  it may be necessary to contact campus police to
  assist with traffic control
• Contact the Radiation Safety Officer (5085/4323)
  to report the spill
• Do not attempt decontamination unless the
  situation threatens to become much worse

85
High Level Spills

• Protecting personnel is the FIRST priority
• If high level exposures or airborne contamination
  are possible - evacuate area immediately -
  rid yourself of contamination - keep others out
  of area

86
And Another Thing About Spills
You will not be penalized for reporting a spill,
but on the other hand.
87
Radiation Survey Requirements

• When should Surveys be conducted?-
• Whenever radioactive materials are present in the
  lab, contamination surveys MUST be performed and
  documented at least once a week.
• The area you are working with must be surveyed
  before finishing for the day.
• If no experiments are being conducted, it is
  permissible to halt tests until starting again.

88
Contamination Surveys

• Direct monitoring with a Geiger counter can be
  performed when using P-32 and other high energy
  beta emitters
• Swipe surveys must be performed for low energy
  beta emitters (e.g., H-3, C-14, S-35) and must be
  counted in a liquid scintillation counter or
  equivalent instrument
• Direct monitoring with a low energy gamma probe
  (NaI) can be performed when using gamma emitters
  such as I-125

89
General Survey Information

• Randomly survey selected areas outside of normal
  radioisotope use areas at least once a month
• Using a map of your lab can make documenting
  surveyed areas easier
• Look for levels twice as large as the background
• Check for contamination wherever human hands
  normally go...

90
10 Most Often Contaminated Sites
10. Soap/towel dispenser 9. Microwave
oven 8. Radio dials 7. Phones 6. Pens/pencils
5. Chairs 4. Drawer handles 3. Refrigerator h
andles 2. Lab books
1. Geiger counters
91
Documenting Surveys

• Contamination surveys must be documented
• Record the following - date performed -
  area(s) surveyed ( a map helps!) -
  results - identity of surveyor -
  instrument used - action taken is
  contamination is found

92
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94
Step-by-step Guide to Direct Monitoring - Before
You Start

• 1 Don protective
• equipment (e.g. gloves)
• 2 Check your Geiger
• counter
• - battery test
• - note background
• radiation level
• - turn on speaker
• - check probe with
• check source

95
Step-by-step Guide to Direct Monitoring, How-to

• 3 Switch Geiger counter to lowest multiplier,
  usually X1
• 4 Hold probe window 1 cm from the surface you are
  surveying
• 5 Move probe over surface at a rate of about 1
  cm/second
• 6 If surveying for alpha or beta contamination,
  do not cover probe with parafilm or plastic wrap

96
Step-by-step Guide to Swipe Surveys- General Tips

• Change gloves frequently
• Avoid cross-contaminating samples
• Use filter paper or cotton swabs

97
Step-by-step Guide to Swipe Surveys, How-to

• 1. Don protective equipment (e.g., gloves)
• 2. Lightly moisten swipe with alcohol or water
• 3. Using uniform pressure, swipe an area about
  100-200 cm2 (survey a discrete area so that if
  contamination is found the area will be easier to
  identify)

98
Radioactive Material Delivery

• Deliveries are generally performed every weekday
  afternoon except for University holidays
• All packages are delivered the same day that they
  are received we will not hold a package unless
  absolutely necessary
• If you did not receive a package you were
  expecting, contact your business office, the
  vendor and the carrier before calling the
  Radiation Safety Officer

99
Receipt of Radioactive Materials

• Open containers with volatile, gaseous or readily
  dispersible materials in a fume hood
• When you receive your shipment, check the inner
  container for leakage- a simple swipe test is
  sufficient
• If there is a problem with the shipment, notify
  the Radiation Safety Officer immediately
• Remember to document the receipt if radioactive
  material in your labs records

100
Personnel Monitoring

• Personnel monitoring devices are assigned at the
  discretion of the Radiation Safety Officer in
  accordance with all applicable rules and
  regulation

101
The Care and Feeding of Your Dosimeter

• Always
• make available for exchange on the appropriate
  exchange date
• report contamination of dosimetry
• store away from radioactive sources

• Never
• share dosimetry
• remove film from holder
• expose to heat
• take off campus
• intentionally expose to radiation

102
Wearing Dosimeters

• Whole Body
• wear between neckline and waist unless otherwise
  instructed
• wear with name on badge facing outwards

• Extremity
• the label side of the ring should usually face
  the palm
• wear gloves over ring, if possible

103
Missing Dosimeters

• If you lose, damage or fail to make dosimeters
  available for exchange you will be required to
  provide a detailed description of all radioactive
  sources in use during the wear period

104
Storage of Radioactive Waste

• Each radioactive waste container must have a
  Caution Radioactive Materials sign/label
• Radioactive waste containers must be stored in a
  controlled area

105
Radioactive Waste Types
Solid
Liquid
Sharps
Carcass
106
Solid Radioactive Waste

• Segregate waste into three categories
• glass and plastic that cannot be decontaminated
  easily
• paper, gloves, etc.
• short-lived waste (T1/2 lt 90 days) to be held for
  decay
• Line containers with clear plastic bags at least
  4 mils thick
• Do not put liquids into the solid waste

107
Liquid Waste

• Organic
• store in 1 - 5 gal plastic carboys with outer
  containment
• filter out solids (use 60 mesh screen)
• pH must be adjusted to between 6.8 and 8.0

• Aqueous
• low activity waste can be disposed into the
  sanitary sewer system in specific amounts and/or
  concentrations with prior approval from the
  Radiation Safety Officer only

108
Radioactive Sharps

• radioactive sharps are items such as Pasteur
  pipettes, syringes and hypodermic needles
• most glass items (test tubes, vials, etc.) can be
  decontaminated and should not be disposed of as
  radioactive sharps

109
Radioactive Carcasses

• Prior arrangements must be made with the
  Radiation Safety Officer for disposal of
  radioactive carcasses

110
User Definitions
Principle Investigator - Tenure Track MSUM
Faculty. Approved by Radiation Safety
Committee Workers - Those staff or research
students, who are using radioactive materials
under the supervision of a principle investigator
111
User Responsibility

• Principle Investigator -Ensure that all
  procedures are authorized and followed.
• - Ensure surveys are conducted and reported
• Monitor use and disposal of isotopes
• Ensure their workers are trained
• Workers - Must be trained and pass short course
  test
• Must practice ALARA and monitor use
• Conduct surveys and report spills or contamination

112
SL 222 Access
Principle Investigator - Has full access to side
rooms and main room keys Workers - May only have
access to outside doors of SL222 after passing
test. Can not have full access to side rooms.
Must get those keys from PI.
113
MSUM Radiation Safety Manual

• The MSUM Radiation Safety Manual contains
  information that all users of radiation sources
  at MSUM should know

• Permission to use
• Worker and PI responsibilities
• Health Definitions
• Forms in the handbook and on the web
• www.mnstate.edu/provost/radsafe.html

114
MSUM Radiation Authorization

• Now What?

• Rad Safe Test - take on your own
• You must take the MSUM Rad Safe test and pass
  with a score of 75
• The test is found on-line.
• Sign and agree to info on the test form
• Complete forms 1 and 2 (also found online)
• Turn forms and test to Dr Provost
• Orientation - you must make appt
• Conducted by RSO (Dr. Provost)
• Tour / review of site and storage
• Answer questions on use and procedures
• Wipe test/Survey review
• Key control / access privilege
• Web site Handbook review