Clashing Cultures

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Clashing Cultures

• The Old World
• Discovers the New

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Pre-Columbian New World

• Ice Age migrations through Bering Straits,
  Beringia
• 30,000 years ago
• Bands of nomadic hunters following game
• May have been others, but these are definite,
  although date of arrival in dispute

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Pre-Columbian New World
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Pre-Columbian New World
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Pre-Columbian New World

• Other Arrivals
• Asians and Pacific Islanders
• New evidence of Polynesians landing in Southern
  California around 600
• Japanese castaway theorydate??
• African explorers may have landed in Central
  America around 1000 BCEOlmec peoples (first
  Amerindians to have a heiroglyphic writing)
• Irish sometime before Vikings
• Scottish knight Henry Sinclair 1398
• Portuguese navigator in 1472 discovered the land
  of codfish to the west
• Basque fishermen and whalers

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Pre-Columbian New World

• Vikings
• Viking chronicles tell of lands to the West of
  Greenland called Vinland
• Around 982 Eric the Red founded Greenland colony
  (so named to attract settlers)
• 985 made second voyage with 35 ships of
  colonizers
• Bjarni Herjolfsson 985 blown off course
• Leif Erikson 1000 brought Christianity to
  Greenland
• He later founded colony of Vinland on island
  Newfoundland

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Vikings in America
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Vikings In America
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Viking ruins on island of Newfoundland
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Portuguese Explorations

• 1400s Prince Henry Navigator
• Systematic exploration coast Africa
• 1487 Bartholomeu Dias Cape Good Hope
• 1498 Vasco da Gama

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Portuguese

• Pedro Cabral
• 1500
• Stormlanded Brazil

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Columbus

• Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
• From Genoa
• Financed by Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and
  Isabella to find Asia (the Indies) by sailing
  west across the Atlantic
• He thought it was only 2400 miles to Asiaover
  10,000
• Landed in Western Hemisphere instead
• Established trading settlement in Hispaniola
• Called native Amerindians Indians because he
  thought he was in the Indies
• Portuguese claims settled by pope in Treaty of
  Tordesillas 1494divided world in two

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Spanish and Portuguese Exploration

• Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512)
• Explored South America
• Recognized as a New World
• Given credit on maps America
• Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521)
• Expedition circumnavigated (sailed around) the
  globe
• Killed in Philippines navigator del Cano
  finished voyage

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Amerigo Vespucci stands beside a map of the area
he described as a "new world." In this map, drawn
in 1507, the name "America" was used for the
first time.
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Martin Waldseemüller 1513
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Other explorations

• Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)
• Henry Hudson (Dutch)
• French Verrazano, Cartier, De Champlain, Joliet,
  Marquette and de la Salle
• Conquistadors Cortes, Pizarro, Balboa, de Soto,
  Coronado
• Sir Walter Raleigh

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Map of German Rumold Mercator 1587
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Early Colonization

• French Model
• Spanish Model
• British Model
• Early English
• Francis Drakenot colonizer 1577-1580
• Sir Humphrey Gilbert 1578
• Roanoke 1580s

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Effects of Contact

• importation of European diseases to the Americas
  which killed millions
• 75 mortality by 1650 90 by 1800
• subjugation and extermination of the indigenous
  population of the Americas
• Europeans introduced new crops (like sugar),
  domestic livestock, and the horse
• Europeans learned agricultural techniques
  appropriate to the demands of the new land as
  well as new crops
• Indians adopted many features of European
  civilization (language, religion)
• The populations of the colonies came to be
  dominated by people of mixed race

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Columbian Exchange

• From Old to New World
• Horses, pigs, chickens, cattle, sheep, goats
• Rice, Wheat, Barley, Oats, yams, Coffee,
  Sugarcane, Bananas, Melons, Olives, Dandelions,
  Daisies, Clover, Ragweed,Kentucky Bluegrass
• Smallpox, measles, chicken pox, common cold,
  malaria, influenza, yellow fever

• From New to Old World
• Turkeys, llamas, alpacas, guinea pigs
• Corn (maize), potatoes, sweet potatoes, beans
  (limas, pintos, snap, kidney, etc), tobacco,
  peanuts, squash, peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins,
  pineapples, cacao (where we get chocolate!),
  chicle, papayas, guavas, avocados
• syphillis

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• Coming up next England launches her colonies!