Transportation

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What is Transportation?
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Transportation

• The process by which passengers or goods are
  moved or delivered from one place to another.

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Types of Transportation

• Water
• Land
• Air
• Space
• Intermodal

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Land Transportation

• Refers to all methods of transport where the
  vehicles travel upon or are supported by the
  earth.

• Types
• Automobile
• Car
• Truck
• Rail
• Pipeline

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Land Transportation

• Disadvantages
• Consume excessive amounts of land
• Consume a large portion of fossil fuels
• Traffic

• Advantages
• Easy to Operate
• Affordable
• Convenient
• Multiple degrees of freedom (2)

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Water Transportation

• Transportation through or supported by water.

• Types
• Boats
• Power
• Sail
• Submersibles
• Hydroplane
• Hovercraft

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Water Transportation

• Disadvantages
• Risk
• Loss of Power
• Damage
• Accidents
• Harmful to Environment (Oil Spills)
• Many cases deadly (Proximity)

• Advantages
• Less Pollution
• Except PWCs
• Large amounts - Easy to move
• Can use Nuclear energy

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Air Transportation

• Types
• Heavier-than-Air
• Airplane
• Glider
• Vertical Take-Off
• Helicopter
• Harrier
• Lighter-than-Air
• Blimps
• Balloons

• Refers to a craft which operates in the earths
  atmosphere.

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Air Transportation

• Disadvantages
• Consume excessive amounts energy
• Jet-engine failure can be catastrophic
• Pollution

• Advantages
• Speed
• Multiple degrees of freedom (3)

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Space Transportation

• The use of rockets and orbiting vehicles to
  explore the regions beyond the limits of the
  atmosphere.

• Types
• Manned and Unmanned
• Rockets
• Satellites
• Space Stations
• Shuttles

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Space Transportation

• Advantages
• Supports global communication and transportation
  services
• Allows for rare scientific research
• Knowledge

• Disadvantages
• Launch requires large amounts of fuel
• Micro-gravity
• Inconvenient
• Uncomfortable
• Expensive

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Intermodal Transportation

• The use of more than one mode of transportation.
• Requires a great deal of planning and
  coordination.

• Example
• AutogtBoatgtTraingtAuto
• AutogtJetgtAuto
• TOFC
• Truck on Flat Car
• COFC
• Container on Flat Car

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Transportation

• Vehicular Systems

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Vehicular Systems

• A collection of separate systems (sub-systems)
  that allow the vehicle or machine move through
  its environment.

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Vehicular Systems

• Propulsion
• Guidance
• Control

• Suspension
• Structural
• Support

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Propulsion Systems

• Parts of the vehicle that enable it to move.

• Examples
• Sails
• Electric Motors
• Internal Combustion Engines
• Transmissions and Drivetrains
• Propellers
• Jet Engines

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Guidance Systems

• Parts of the vehicle which provide information
  required by a vehicle to follow a certain path or
  perform certain operations.

• Examples
• Compass
• Maps
• GPS
• AutoPilot
• Roadsigns
• Telemetry

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Control Systems

• Parts of the vehicle that are used to change a
  vehicles direction and/or speed.

• Examples
• Throttle
• Rudders
• Steering Wheels
• Brakes

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Suspension Systems

• Parts of the vehicle that support or suspend a
  vehicle in its environment.

• Examples
• Helicopter Rotors
• Shocks on an Auto
• Airfoils/Hydrofoils
• Boat Hulls
• Magnetic Fields

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Structural Systems

• Parts of the vehicle that hold other vehicular
  systems and the loads they will carry.

• Examples
• Car frame and body
• Fuselage
• Boat Hulls

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Support Systems

• External operations that maintain transportation
  systems.

• Examples
• Maintenance (Airport, Service)
• Life Support (Food, O2)
• Economic (Taxes, Mfg.)
• Legal Systems (DOT/DMV)

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Propulsion Systems

• Parts of the vehicle that enable it to move.

• Examples
• Sails
• Electric Motors
• Internal Combustion Engines
• Transmissions and Drivetrains
• Propellers
• Jet Engines

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Guidance Systems

• Parts of the vehicle which provide information
  required by a vehicle to follow a certain path or
  perform certain operations.

• Examples
• Compass
• Maps
• GPS
• AutoPilot
• Roadsigns
• Telemetry

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Control Systems

• Parts of the vehicle that are used to change a
  vehicles direction and/or speed.

• Examples
• Throttle
• Rudders
• Steering Wheels
• Brakes

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Suspension Systems

• Parts of the vehicle that support or suspend a
  vehicle in its environment.

• Examples
• Helicopter Rotors
• Shocks on an Auto
• Airfoils/Hydrofoils
• Boat Hulls
• Magnetic Fields

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Structural Systems

• Parts of the vehicle that hold other vehicular
  systems and the loads they will carry.

• Examples
• Car frame and body
• Fuselage
• Boat Hulls

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Support Systems

• External operations that maintain transportation
  systems.

• Examples
• Maintenance (Airport, Service)
• Life Support (Food, O2)
• Economic (Taxes, Mfg.)
• Legal Systems (DOT/DMV)

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What transportation sub-systems are present in
this picture.
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Scientific Principles involved inTransportation
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Force

• Force is anything that can cause an object to
  move, stop moving, change direction, or change
  shape.

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Newton

• Newton (As a measurement of force) 1 pound of
  force 4.448 Newtons.
• A Newton is the amount of force required to
  impact an acceleration of one meter per second to
  a mass of one kilogram.

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Centrifugal Centripetal Force

• Centrifugal Force is a force acting outward-the
  force exerted by water in the bottom of a bucket
  being swung around in a circle.
• Centripetal Force is a force acting inward-the
  force exerted by a handle of a bucket being swung
  around in a circle.

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Torque

• Torque is the twisting or turning force.

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Work

• Work is the application of force that moves an
  object a certain distance.
• Foot-pounds are units of measurement for Work.
• One ft.-lb. is the amount of force needed to move
  a 1 lb. load a distance of one ft.

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Mechanical Advantage Efficiency

• Mechanical Advantage An increase in force
  provided by a machine. (Pulley, Gears, etc.)
• Efficiency Energy Out / Energy In X 100.

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Power

• Power is the amount of work being done over
  period of time.

• It is also described as how quickly work can be
  done.

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Horsepower

• Horsepower is the standard unit of power.

• A very fit human can only produce about 1/5th of
  a horsepower.

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Dynamometer

• Dynamometer is a device which attaches to the
  back of an engine to absorb the power being
  created by the engine. When an engine runs on a
  dynamometer, it can be loaded to simulate actual
  working conditions.

• Torque, horsepower, and fuel consumption can be
  measured at different rotational speeds.

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Potential Energy

• Potential Energy is a form of stored energy.
• EP mass x gravity x height
• EP is different for various elastic objects.

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Kinetic Energy

• Kinetic Energy is energy in motion.
• EK ½ mass x velocity2

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Newtons First Law

• Newtons First Law states that a body of body of
  mass in a state of rest tends to remain in rest,
  and a body of mass in a state of in motion tends
  to remain in motion, unless acted upon by another
  force.

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Newtons Second Law

• Newtons Second Law states that an unbalance or
  force on a body tends to produce an acceleration
  in the direction of the force.

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Newtons Third Law

• Newtons Third Law states that for every acting
  force there is an equal and opposite reacting
  force.

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Fluid Dynamics

• Aerodynamics is the study of the air movement and
  object moving through the air.

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Fluid Dynamics

• Hydrodynamics is the study of the water movement
  and object moving through the water.

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Coefficient of Drag

• The Coefficient of drag is a number used by
  automobile designers to indicate how easily a
  vehicle cut through the air (i.e. the less wind
  resistance it will experience and the easier it
  will move through the air).

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Coefficient of Drag
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Vortices

• Vortices are circular patterns of air or water
  created by the movement of an airfoil or
  hydrofoil through the air or water. As a foil
  moves through a rapidly rotating circles or
  vortices. The vortices created depend upon the
  wind, water. loading, gross weight and speed of
  the foil in the fluid its passing through.

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Bernoullis Principle

• States that as the speed of fluid, such as air or
  water, is increased, pressure decreases.

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Lift

• Lift refers to the upward force generated by the
  cambered shape of an airfoil or hydrofoil which
  causes the fluid (air or water) flowing across
  the top of the foil to move faster than that
  which is flowing on the underside of the foil. As
  a result, there is less pressure on top of the
  foil on the bottom. Thus the higher pressure
  below the foil creates the upward force called
  lift.
• See also Bernoullis principle.

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Thrust Drag

• Thrust is a force that produces motion in a body.
  Thrust is measured in pounds and Newtons.
• Drag is the force that resists the forward
  movement of a vehicle through a fluid.
• Friction is created by two surfaces rubbing
  against each other.

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Gravity

• Gravity is a natural force that pulls objects
  toward the earth.
• Center of Gravity is the point at which all
  objects are balanced.

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Center of Pressure

• The point at which all aerodynamic forces (lift,
  thrust, drag and gravity) are working is termed
  the Center of Pressure.

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Stability

• Stability may be greatly influenced by a
  vehicles shape, proportions, control systems,
  and center of gravity.

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Pitch, Roll Yaw

• Pitch refers to the movement of an aircraft about
  its lateral axis, also, the angle of the blades
  of a propeller on a boat, plane, or fan.
• Roll refers to the movement of an aircraft about
  its longitudinal axis and the side to side motion
  of a boat or ship.
• Yaw refers to the left to right movement of boats
  and planes.

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Pitch, Roll Yaw
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Telemetry

• Telemetry refers to the transmission of data by
  radio waves.

• The least a radio control set will include is a
  transmitter, servo(s) and receiver.

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Pressure

• Pressure is a measure of force that is determined
  by the area over which force is applied.

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Hydraulic Pneumatic Systems

• Hydraulic System are those that control and
  transmit energy through liquids.

• Pneumatic Systems are those that control and
  transmit energy through gases.

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Dirigibles

• Dirigible is a French term (diriger to direct
  ible), meaning "directable" or steerable. This
  was used to differentiate between other airships
  (balloons) that relied on air currents to move
  them.
• The term now refers to a blimp that uses a rigid
  or semi-rigid frame to hold the structure rigid.
• A conventional blimp uses pressure from the gas
  (normally helium) to create the rigid form.

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Dirigibles
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Hybrid Propulsion

• Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of
  power that can directly or indirectly provide
  propulsion power is a hybrid.

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Types of Propulsion Systems and Devices and Their
Uses and Theories of Operation

• Heat Engines
• Electric Motors
• Diesel-Electric Motors
• Propellers

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Heat Engines

• External Combustion
• Internal combustion engines
• Reaction Engines

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External Combustion

• Steam engines
• Steam engine- reciprocating motion (Steam
  Locomotives)
• Steam Turbine- rotary motion (Powers Nuclear Subs)

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Internal Combustion Engines

• Most internal combustion engines rely on other
  energy systems to operate.
• (Fluid, Electrical, Thermal.)
• Gasoline piston engines
• Pistons produce a reciprocating motion.
• Gasoline engines operate on two-stroke or
  four-stroke cycles.
• Most four stroke engines produce less pollution
  than two stroke engines.

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Internal Combustion Engines

• Rotary engines (have no reciprocating parts)
• Produce rotary motion and run smoother than
  reciprocating piston engines.
• Diesel Engines
• Fuel is ignited in a diesel engine by
  compression.
• One advantage of a diesel engine is its fuel
  economy and reliability.

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Reaction Engines

• Types of airstream and rocket engines.
• Newtons Third Law Of Motion (for every action
  there is an equal and opposite reaction.)
• Reaction engines produce a linear motion called
  thrust.
• Rocket Engines (are by far the most powerful type
  of internal combustion engines.)

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Electric Motors

• Universal
• Induction
• Electromagnetism (MagLev)

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Electromagnetism

• Electromagnetism is magnetic force produced
  through the flow of electricity through a wire.
  Strong electromagnets can be created using
  electromagnetism by wrapping an electrical wire
  around an unmagnetized ferrous metal bar such as
  iron.

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Diesel - Electric motors

• Modern locomotives use diesel turbine engines to
  generate electricity to power electric motors.
  This may seem like an inefficient way to travel,
  however, by keeping these propulsion sources in
  tandem, it is very powerful.

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Propellers

• Pitch is the angle of the propeller blades.
• Pitch measurement determines the number of inches
  it will move forward per rotation.
• Lower pitch, greater pulling power, higher pitch,
  less pulling power.

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Pitch

• The Pitch of a propeller determines how far the
  vehicle moves for every rotation.

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Designing Transportation Solutions

• Good design is an appropriate design
• Generally, in good design form should always
  follow function
• One of the first questions designers should ask
  themselves when beginning to design a good
  product is What purpose will this serve?.
• The design concept engineering refers to how well
  something is built.

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Land Transportation System

• Maglev means magnetically levitated.
• Regarding magnets, like polarity repels, unlike
  polarity attracts.
• Maglev trains are lifted by magnetic fields of
  force.
• Electro-magnetism induction occurs when electron
  flow is brought about by the movement of a
  conductor through a magnetic field.

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Land Transportation System

• The magnets which lift a maglev train above the
  tracks are called lifting magnets which are
  mounted on the track surface.
• The magnets used to propel a maglev train are
  called propulsion magnets which are normally
  mounted on the sides of the tracks.
• By increasing or decreasing the cycle at which
  the magnetic polarity is reversed, the speed of a
  maglev train is made faster or slower.

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Land Transportation System

• On maglev train system, support wheels are used
  when the superconducting magnets are not
  activated.
• Three advantages of maglev vehicles are speed,
  quietness, and smoothness of ride.
• Three disadvantages are turning, deceleration,
  and high energy consumption.
• Super-conductors produce little or no resistance
  to the flow of electricity but only operate at
  very cold temperatures.

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Land Transportation System

• Only Commercial MagLev train.

• 268 mph
• 19 miles
• 12 / round trip

• Trip time 7 min, 20 sec.
• Cost to build - 1.33 Billion

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Water Transportation Systems

• Prismatic Coefficient Cp. is used to compare
  hull shapes for design purposes.
• Prismatic Coefficient for light air use sailboats
  should be about 0.48.
• The center of buoyancy is the center of a boats
  displacement.
• Flat-bottom boats have a deadrise angle of 0
  degrees.
• The center of floatation on a boat refers to the
  weight of the water it displaces.
• The greater a vehicles displacement the greater
  its buoyancy.

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Water Transportation Systems

• Draft refers to the depth a boat extends below
  the water.
• Beam refers to the width of a boat hull.
• With regards to sailboats, center of effort
  refers to the center of the sail area.
• A sail efficiency is the relation of the force
  acting on the sail verses how hard the sail pulls
  the boat.
• The sail area displacement ratio is the
  relationship of sail area in square feet to the
  displacement in cubic feet of the boat. This
  should be around 20 for high performance racers.

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Find the Sail Area Displacement Ratio
42.5 1 S.A.D.R.
3.38 1 S.A.D.R.

• Displacement 18,326 lbs.
• Sail Area 991 Square Ft.

• Displacement 320 lbs.
• Sail Area 218 Square Ft.

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Water Transportation Systems

• Sails (Mainsail, Jib, and Spinnaker) The
  Mainsail provides the main source of propulsion
  for a sailboat.
• The Jib is in front and to the side of the
  mainsail. It accelerates the speed of the wind
  moving across the back of the mainsail, thereby
  increasing the lift created by the mainsail.

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Water Transportation Systems

• The Spinnaker is a sail that is used only when
  sailing down wind. It acts like an umbrella would
  if pointed down wind.

• Knot is the common unit of measurement in marine
  transportation.
• (1 knot 1.15 mph)

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Air Transportation Systems

• The aspect ratio is the ratio of the wings span
  (a) to its cord.
• (distance from a to c)
• The higher the aspect ratio of a wing, the higher
  its efficiency. (Lift / Drag)
• The draft (b) of an airfoil and the texture of
  the surface is a major factor in determining its
  drag.

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Air Transportation Systems

• Angle of attack refers to the angle at which an
  aircrafts wing is in relation to the direction
  of travel of the aircraft.

• Stall occurs on a plane when the lift is
  generated by the wings become so small that it
  can no longer support the weight of the aircraft.

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Air Transportation Systems

• When building the wing(s) of RC gliders, make
  sure that each wing is of the same size, shape
  and weight.
• Wings of an RC glider should be built positive
  angle of incidence
• During the first test flights of a glider, a
  tendency to stall may be prevented by adding
  weight to the nose.

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Air Transportation Systems

• Dihedral is the v-shaped angle that wings have
  from the center cord out to the tips of the wings
  are higher than the base of the wing attached to
  the fuselage.

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Air Transportation Systems

• Thermal is a column of warmer air rising above
  areas of cooler air rising above areas of cooler
  air and may be used to take ones glider to
  greater heights.

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Air Transportation Systems

• When flying gliders, always launch into the wind.
• When a glider turns downwind, there is a tendency
  for its air speed to decrease and its ground
  speed to increase.
• As air speed decreases across the surface of an
  airfoil, the likelihood of stall increases.

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Space Transportation Systems

• Geostationary / Geosynchronous orbit refers to
  having an equatorial orbit requiring an angular
  velocity the same as that of the earth, moon, or
  planet so that the position of a satellite in
  such an orbit is fixed with the respect to the
  earth, moon, or planet.

• The apogee of a rocket is its highest altitude
  reached. In reference to satellites it is the
  highest point of orbit.
• The perigee of a satellite is its lowest point of
  orbit

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Space Transportation Systems

• According to the NAR(National Association of
  Rocketry), a model rocket may not have more than
  4.4 ounces of Propellant. (125 grams)
• Nylon is one of the best materials for model
  rocket parachutes.
• The NAR Model Rocketry Safety Code states that
  model rockets must not weigh more than 53 ounces
  or 1500 grams at liftoff.
• In powered flight, a rockets center of
  mass/gravity must be closer to the nose than the
  center of pressure (CP) or it will become
  unstable.

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Space Transportation Systems

• Useful information on model rockets can be found
  on the Internet at NASAs webpage.
• Composite model rocket engines should NOT be
  clustered.
• Generally, the higher a model rocket goes, the
  smaller the chute should be. This increases the
  likelihood of recovery.
• When launching on a windless day, the rule of
  thumb is that the launch fields narrowest width
  be at least half of the maximum altitude the
  rocket will reach.

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Space Transportation Systems

• A high-powered model rocket is defined as one
  propelled by an engine or engines providing a
  total impulse of more than 20 Newton-seconds
  (D-sized engine).
• Model rocket transmitters consist of a RF,
  sensor, modulator, and power supply systems.
• To determine flight altitude of model rockets,
  multiply the distance from launch site by the
  tangent of the angle on the Altitude Finder.

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Space Transportation Systems

• The design of a rocket to produce photographs
  would call for cameras to be placed opposite each
  other near the nosecone.
• To determine the altitude of a photograph one
  would use the formula HOF/I,
• H is the height of the camera above the surface,
• O is the size of the object on the ground shown
  in the photo,
• F is the focal length of the camera,
• I is the size of the same objects image as
  measured on the negative.

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History of Transportation
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Prehistoric - Middle Ages

• The Dugout Canoe- preceded the wheel, horse, and
  sailing vessels.

• Pack Animals- can carry more weight than humans
  (a camel can carry up to 1000 lbs.)

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Prehistoric - Middle Ages

• The Wheel- On flat terrain, the wheel is more
  efficient and faster than a sled.

• Roman Roads- Allowed for increased trade and
  communications and movement of troops.

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Middle Ages - Industrial Age

• The Sail- Lateen sail improved efficiency and
  freedom of movement.

• The Compass- Allows for maintaining a constant
  course of travel.

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Middle Ages - Industrial Age

• The Quadrant- Early sailors used this for
  determining latitude.

• The Hot-Air Balloon- The Montgolfier Brothers fly
  first one in 1783.

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Industrial Age - Age of Flight

• The First Powered Heavier-Than-Air Flight- Wright
  Brothers - December 17, 1903.

• Ford Model T (Freedom of movement for citizens.)

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Industrial Age - Age of Flight

• Robert Goddard launches the first liquid fueled
  rocket- 1926.

• The First Satellite- Russian Sputnik 1- 1957.

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Space Race

• The First Human In space- Russias Yuri Gagarin.

• The First Lunar Landing- Neil Armstrong Edwin
  Aldrin- 1969.

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Age of Flight - Aerospace

• Unmanned Space Flight (Mariner Pioneer)-
  Allowed gathering of information from distances
  too far for manned space flight.

• Modern commercial jet airplanes such as the
  Boeing 747 travel at over 300 mph.