Technology

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Technology Transport in New Millennium

• C.A. Bleijs
• Manager Scientific Adviser,
• EDF France

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• 450 Billion kWh (18 export)
• 80 nuclear
• 16 hydro
• 6 fossil fuel
• only 2 for transportation

EDF
Electricité de France
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Shell Energy Forecast
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The automobile dominates for transportation
MARKET SHARE 6 -23 -19 -8
VOL. 6 2 7 772 31
1980 325 55 36 10 34 426
1995 455 56 38 10 59 559
AUTOMOBILE RAIL BUS METRO AIR TOTAL (exclud
ing air)
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values in 10 voyager.km figures for France
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The car is 3 times less efficient
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Energy usage and urban density
USA
Energy usage Gj/hab
51
AUSTRALIA
EUROPE
Source Newman Kenworthy
density habitants
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Petrol Consumption
Sports Trucks
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The more powerful the car the more it pollutes
architec
2,4
2,2
2
1,8
1,6
1,4
Base 1 the basic car
1,2
max. speed (km/h)
1
130
150
170
190
210
230
250
Source Ademe 1994
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Different classes of electric vehicles
series hybrids
pure EV
diésel/gas
turbine
fuel cell
parallel hybrid
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Holland - Combiroad freight trucks use an
electric rail to driveto the center of the city
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Technology advances slowly but surely
240km
180km
130km
?
100 km
?
60km
120Wh/kg 250 F /kWh
90Wh/kg 800 Fr/kWh
55Wh/kg 800 /kWh
45 Wh/kg 700 /kWh
30Wh/kg 180 /kWh
NiCd 1970
NiMH 1995
NaNiCl2
Lithium 2002 -
Lead Acid 1930
1998?
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Comparison of battery costs based on total
energy supplied in a lifetime
Lead batteries are still the cheapest!
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Range as a function of battery weight and battery
technology
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NiCd NiMH batteries from SAFT
NiCd
Cadmium will be outlawed in Europe from 2008
NiMH
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NiMH batteries from Panasonic