Short term BP control

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Short term BP control

• Short term controls of blood pressure
• Function to correct minor fluctuations in BP
• By altering _
• By altering _

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Vasomotor Center

• Short term control _
• Two main goals
• Maintaining ______________________________________
  __ by altering blood vessel diameter
• Distributing blood to those _

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Vasomotor center

• Vasomotor center neurons located in the
  _______________________
• With the cardiac center in the medulla, they form
  the _
• Vasomotor center in medulla ?_____________________
  ________ ? smooth muscles of the arterioles
• Arterioles under state of constant _

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Vasomotor center

• Any increase in sympathetic activity produces
  generalized vasoconstriction and a rise in blood
  pressure
• Thought to consider regarding stress

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Vasomotor activity

• Vasomotor control modified by

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Vasomotor Baroreceptors

• Increased arterial BP causes stretch in
  baroreceptors
• Located in _
• Carotid provides the major blood flow to _
• Carotid sinus reflex _
• Located in ________________________ and walls of
  _
• Aortic sinus reflex protects the _

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Vasomotor baroreceptors

• Increased BP ?
• triggers _
• impulses sent to vasomotor center ?
• arterioles and veins _
• BP _

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Vasomotor chemoreceptors

• Sensitive to
• Locations
• _______________________________ located in
  Carotid artery
• _______________________________ located in Aorta
• Main function
• regulating _______________________________________
  ___, but does have some blood pressure function

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Vasomotor chemoreceptors

• Decreased oxygen ? _
• signals sent to __________________________________
  __ ? cardiac output increases
• AND signals sent to vasomotor center ?
  ________________________________? blood pressure
  rises ? blood supply returns to heart (and lungs)
  quickly

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Vasomotor brain functions

• Medulla is not the only brain area that controls
  blood pressure
• Both of these regions have input into medulla to
  ________________ control BP

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Hormone effects on BP

• Adrenal medulla
• increases CO
• General _
• Specific vasodilation
• Norepinephrine
• vasoconstriction
• Enhance _

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Hormone effects on BP

• Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP
• __________________________________ stimulates ANP
  release.
• Results in decrease BP after ANP causes _
• Where sodium goes, water goes

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Hormone effects on BP

• Antidiuretic Hormone ADH/ vasopressin
• Results in the __________________________________
  in the body
• If low BP or blood volume, ADH will prevent water
  from being lost as urine
• Also can cause _

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Hormone effects on BP

• Angiotensin II
• Causes the release of ADH and Aldosterone
• Causes long-term regulation by increasing blood
  volume

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Hormone effects on BP

• Angiotensin II
• Low BP ?
• _____________________ release _
• Renin acts as an enzyme, breaking angiotensin_ _
  _ _ into _
• Angiotensin I is changed into angiotensin ___ by
  ACE Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

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BP Control Long term

• Will change blood pressure based on changes in
  blood volume
• Recall that short term controls dealt mostly with
  _______________________________ to control blood
  pressure
• Short term solutions like baroreceptors can
• Respond quickly

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BP control long term

• Kidneys
• __________________________ regulate arterial
  pressure
• Alters blood volume as a function of _
• High blood pressure forces blood to be filtered
  and processed quickly through the renal system.
  __
• Indirectly regulates arterial pressure
• Renin-angiotensin mechanism
• stimulates __________________________________
  which reabsorbs sodium and in turn causes the
  reabsorption of water

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Pulse

• the ____________________________ of artery walls
  due to increased pressure from ventricular
  contraction.
• Felt near surfaces.

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Head and neck pulses

• Branches off of _
• Pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch,
  anterior and superior to the tragus

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Head and neck pulses

• The _____________________common carotid artery is
  one of three arteries that originate _
• The _______________________ common carotid artery
  arises from the _
• Pulse palpated in the neck at lateral aspects
  of trachea
• ____________________________________ in carotids
  are sensitive to bilateral palpation, may cause
  bradycardia or fainting

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Upper limb pulses

• Brachial artery
• Origin
• Palpation at the _
• Is the artery used to determine arterial blood
  pressure

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Upper limb pulses

• Radial Artery
• Origin Subclavian a ? axillary a ? _
• Palpation at the anterior wrist three
  finger-widths proximal to the thenar eminence

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Lower Limb Pulses

• four arterial pulses are routinely felt in the
  lower limb.
• femoral
• popliteal
• Posterior tibial
• Dorsalis pedis (dorsum of foot)

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Femoral pulse

• Most of the blood supply to the lower limb is
  carried in the external iliac artery.
• Aorta ?
• descending aorta ?
• deep femoral

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Finding the Femoral Pulse

• Locate the superior border of the pubis in the
  mid line of the body
• Feel the anterior iliac crest. The femoral pulse
  can be found midway between these two bony points
  

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Popliteal

• The femoral artery enters the _________________
  by passing through the adductor magnus muscle.
• The name of the vessel then changes to _

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Palpating popliteal artery

• bend the knee so that it is flexed to about 90
  degrees.
• press the tips of your fingers into the _
• The popliteal pulse is _
• Can be difficult to palpate

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Posterior Tibial

• The Popliteal artery branches into _

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Palpating Posterior tibial artery

• Locate the medial malleolus
• _________________________________ to the medial
  malleolus you should find the _

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Dorsalis Pedis

• Below the knee, the popliteal artery divides into
  the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
• The ___________________ enters the anterior
  compartment of the leg by passing between the
  tibia and fibula above the interosseous membrane.
  
• It continues on to the dorsum of the foot as the _

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Palpating dorsalis pedis pulse

• Place your fingers half way down the dorsum of
  the foot in the line between the _
• The bones you can feel are the dorsal aspect of
  the navicular and the intermediate cuneiform
  bones.
• The pulse is palpated where the artery passes
  over this area.

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Alterations in Blood pressure

• Hypotension
• Low blood pressure
• ______________________ hypotension
• ___________________________________ low blood
  pressure
• Getting up quickly

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Alterations in blood pressure

• Chronic hypotension
• May be related to ____________________ or
  deficient blood proteins causing _
• May be symptomatic of
• Tissue wasting
• Acute hypotension

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Alterations in blood pressure

• Hypertension
• Transient changes seen during
• Physical exertion
• Emotional stress
• Persistent changes are related to
• Increased peripheral resistance due to
• Diet
• Hereditary

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Circulatory shock

• Any condition in which blood vessels are
  ________________________________ and blood can
  not circulate normally
• Can result in _

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Hypovolemic shock

• Hypovolemic shock
• Most common form
• Due to _
• Blood volume drops rapidly
• heart rate _
• Intense _
• Blood pressure stabilizes until _

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Vascular shock

• Vascular shock
• Blood ______________________ normal
• Circulation poor due to extreme _
• Causes a drop in _
• Blood pressure _
• Common causes
• Loss of vasomotor tone
• ______________________________________ ?
  histamines ? autonomic nervous system fails to
  maintain vasomotor tone
• Septicemia

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Cardiogenic shock

• ____________________________ shock results from
  failure at the heart
• Weak pump due to myocardial damage

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